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Poverty and social exclusion of the elderly
AIM Work Package 8
Cok Vrooman
WP 8.1: Social exclusion of the elderly; a comparative study of EU Member States, G. Jehoel-Gijsbers & C. Vrooman (2008) Enepri Research Report No. 57
WP 8.2: Poor elderly in the EU’s New Member States, J.C. Vrooman (ed.), forthcoming
www.enepri.org, www.ceps.eu
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Components of Work Package 8
WP 8.1: Social exclusion (EU-25) among the elderly (55+), cross- comparative, 2005 Jehoel-Gijsbers & Vrooman (SCP)
WP 8.2: Poverty (NMS) among the elderly (55+), ca.1990-2005a) cross comparative analysis 2005: Stropnik & Kumpf (IER)b) in-depth country studies of trends: Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia (CASE, TARKI, BIER, IER)c) conclusions and policy implications (SCP) single publication (forthcoming)
Presentations:Cok Vrooman: 1, 2b/cNada Stropnik: 2a
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Research issues WP8.1(social exclusion)
1 Differences in social exclusion of the elderly among countries
2 Differences between old and young within countries
3 Individual risk factors for social exclusion of the elderly
4 Country traits determining social exclusion of the elderly
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Methodology
• Application of conceptual model and methodology developed for the Netherlands (Jehoel-Gijsbers, 2004; Jehoel-Gijsbers & Vrooman, 2007) to EU Member States
• Secondary analysis of existing comparative data (EU-SILC 2005; ESS 2002) more limited measurement of social exclusion than in original ‘dedicated’ Dutch dataset
• Basic premise: social exclusion ≠ poverty
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion
Social exclusion: - Direct definition, no proxy variables/risk factors (income,
education, unemployment …)- Multidimensional concept, with 4 theoretical dimensions:
a) material deprivation (actual hardship) b) inadequate access to social rights (mainly services) c) insufficient social participation d) insufficient cultural/normative integration
a, b= economic or structural exclusion (Anglo-Saxon tradition)
c, d= socio-cultural exclusion (mainly French tradition)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion: indicator variables
Material deprivation: Deficiencies in relation to basic needs and material goods; problematic debts; payment arrears (a.o. housing costs); lifestyle deprivation.
Lack of social rights: Waiting lists, financial impediments and other obstacles to: health care, education, housing, legal aid, social services, debt assistance, employment agencies, social security, commercial services (banking and insurance); insufficient safety.
Insufficient social integration: Low participation in formal and informal social networks, including leisure activities; inadequate social support; social isolation.
Insufficient normative integration: Weak work ethic; abuse of the social security system; delinquent behaviour; deviating views on the rights and duties of men and women; no active citizenship in local neighbourhood and society at large.
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion: measurement model(Overals)
Material Deprivation
V1.1 V1.2 V1.3 V1.n
Social Rights
V2.1 V2.2 V2.3 V2.n
Social Particip.
V3.1 V3.2 V3.3 V3.n
Normative Integration
V4.1 V4.2 V4.3 V4.n
Social Exclusion
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion: explanatory model
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion in the EU: material deprivation (55+)
Source: EU-SILC 2005 (SCP treatment)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion in the EU: limited access to social rights (55+)
Source: EU-SILC 2005 (SCP treatment)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion in the EU: low social participation (55+)
Source: ESS 2002 (SCP treatment)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Social exclusion in the EU: combined index (55+)
Source: ESS 2002, EU-SILC 2005 (SCP treatment)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Individual risk factors (I)
Between age groups, elderly are:
• less materially deprived than younger cohorts (all countries)
• more often lacking in social rights in Eastern en Southern EU member states; but in most other countries elderly are better off in this respect
• more socially isolated than younger cohorts(all countries)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Individual risk factors (II)
Within the age group 55+, health is the dominant risk factor for social exclusion in each country; income level especially important for material
deprivation
Results country-specific logistic regression analyses
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Some regional differences(NUTS-1 level)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
Multilevel analyses:country traits and
economic-structural exclusion
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Conclusions WP 8.1
• The degree of social exclusion among the elderly clearly differs between EU member states: NMS (Baltic, Poland) > Mediterranean > Continental+Anglo-Saxon > Nordic+NL
• Elderly are less materially deprived but more socially isolated than younger cohorts in all Member States; in NMS/Mediterranean elderly also lack more often in terms of social rights
• Health is the best predictor of social exclusion among the elderly at the individual level
• Country differences in SE are partly related to varying institutional arrangements, but indirectly (through income inequality = best predictor at country level)
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How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels,
October 20, 2008
Research issues WP8.2(poverty in NMS)
1 Current level of income/degree of poverty of the elderly (55+) in the NMS that entered EU since 2004
2 Relation with institutional, demographic and socio-economic context
3 Specific problems of ‘marginal’ elderly groups in the NMS
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WP8.2: design
1. Cross-comparative analysis EU-SILC 2005
2. In-depth country chapters on Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia; trends since early 1990s, mainly based on national household budget surveys
3. No forecasting/modeling of adequacy and sustainability, but some policy implications
How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008
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WP 8.2: some general conclusions
• Currently elderly in NMS are not worse off than non-elderly in terms of absolute/relative poverty and income satisfaction
• Yet elderly in the NMS are worse off than the elderly in OMS according to most indicators
• And the future income position of the elderly can be expected to be on the decline in most NMS, due to:- implementation effect of new pension formulae - the impact of ageing and external migration- after-effects of the transition period of the 1990s (high unemployment, low accrual of pension rights) - decline of the extended family (less economies of scale)
How to make European pensions adequate and sustainable? Centre for European Policy Studies,
Brussels, October 20, 2008