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In the wake ofPlessy v. Ferguson
Black America in the late 19th and early 20th Century
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Post-Reconstruction Backlash
Jim Crow segregation laws
Exodusters to Kansas
“Talented Tenth” move northward (NY, Chicago)
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Plessy v. Ferguson
“separate but equal”
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The Great Migration
Movement from rural South to urban North
Response to segregation and violence
Rise of urban ghettos
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Violence in the North
Increased with the Great Migration
Spread of the KKK
Lynchings
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The 1920s – Disillusionment
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How to respond to segregation?
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Booker T. Washington
Economic equality, social separation (aka The Atlanta Compromise)
Former slave
His advice to blacks: be the “most patient, faithful, law-abiding and unresentful people that the world has seen”
Confidential advisor to Theodore Roosevelt
Successes – 1904 – fought against exclusion of blacks from
juries 1911 – Supreme Court ruling banning peonage
(involuntary servitude for debt)
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W.E.B. DuBois
Black nationalism and immediate equality
Harvard educated
Professor of economics, history & sociology at Atlanta University
1905 – founded the Niagara Movement
1909 – founded the NAACP
Editor of The Crisis
Pan-Africanist
Joined the Communist Party in 1957 and in 1960 renounced his American citizenship and moved to Ghana
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Marcus Garvey
Black nationalism
Self-pride, self-motivation, self-sufficiency
Racial separation – rejected assimilation & integration
Called for whites to leave Africa and for many Blacks to move to Africa
Died without ever going to Africa
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UNIA
Encourage commercial & industrial pursuits
By the mid 1920s – 700 branches in 38 states
The Negro World (Garvey’s paper)
Liberty Hall
Black Star Line of Ships
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Foreshadowing…