![Page 1: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Population Regulation:
general theory and history
Charles J. Krebs
Department of Zoology
University of British Columbia
1
![Page 2: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Background
Statistical methods to estimate animal numbers were developed in 1930s
Almost no data were available on natural populations before 1950s- major improvements in counting
methods in 1960-1990s
2
![Page 3: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Two Central Questions
(1) What stops population growth and
why ?
(2) What factors determines average
abundance of a population ?
- both these questions require
mechanisms
3
![Page 4: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Whooping Crane Recovery in North America4
![Page 5: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Stojanovic, D., et al. 2018. Further knowledge and urgent action required to save Orange-bellied
Parrots from extinction. Emu 118:126-134.
Orange-bellied Parrot
![Page 6: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Population Regulation – A Simple Model
![Page 8: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Density-dependent Birth Rate Model8
Density-dependent rate
Density-independent rate
![Page 9: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Population Regulation
Equilibrium view – describe how birth
and death rates are related to
population density
Density-dependence is the key
- but problems arose …
9
![Page 10: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Complication #1
Equilibrium view – many populations
show no sign of an equilibrium ??
Population density is a shorthand but not
a cause, not a mechanism of change
- conservation is not possible without
understanding the mechanisms
10
![Page 11: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Complication # 2
elegant
theory
messy
reality
11
![Page 12: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Mallard Female Survival
Sedinger, J.S. and Herzog, M.P. (2012) Harvest and dynamics of duck populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 1108-1116.
Density-dependent survival but very weak
![Page 13: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mallard Population Changes13
![Page 14: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A Second View of Populations
Equilibrium view – “Balance of Nature”
- 1850s to 1970s – stability rules
Non-equilibrium view
- 1970s – change is common
- need to understand causes of change
- focus on mechanisms
14
![Page 15: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A Comprehensive Theorymechanisms
causing
change
individual
differences15
![Page 16: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
European Rabbit in Australia16
Introduced
In 1859 for
hunting
Rapidly
became
a pest
![Page 17: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Example 1 – Disease can limit populations17
Initial epidemickilled 99% of the rabbits
MyxomatosisIntroduced in 1950
![Page 18: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18 A Complication - Evolution
- The rabbits became
more resistant
- The virus became
less lethal
![Page 19: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Population Regulation – A Simple Model
Population density
Rate
of
po
pu
lati
on
gro
wth
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
population
declines
population
increases
The conservation dilemma
![Page 20: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Allee Effect for Threatened Species20
extinction zone
![Page 21: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Breeding Success in Shearwaters in New Zealand21
Cause = feral pig
predation on nests
![Page 22: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Two Conservation Paradigms22
Small Population Paradigm
- the population consequences of small
population size ?
Declining Population Paradigm
- detect a decline, diagnose the cause,
halt the decline by effective management
Caughley, G. (1994). Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63,
215-244. doi: 10.2307/5542
![Page 23: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23Small
Population
Paradigm
Start
Loss of genetic
variation
Reduction in fitness
Decline in
density
![Page 24: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Prairie Chicken in Illinois USA24
Small, isolated
population in
farmland
Gradual loss
of egg fertility
Translocated
birds from
western states
in 1992
![Page 25: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Declining Population Paradigm25
(1) Detect a decline via monitoring
(2) Identify the causes of the decline
(3) Specify detailed hypotheses and
predictions
(4) Test these hypotheses and take action
![Page 26: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Marion Island Petrel Recovery26
12 species of petrels nesting on this Indian Ocean
island
1948: 5 domestic cats introduced to control house mice
1977: 3000 cats on island, killed 48,000 great-
winged petrels, petrels now becoming rare
1977: Feline panleukopenia introduced, cats reduced
1986-90: shooting of cats, by 1991 no cats detected
1992: petrels recovered, but house mice increasing ….
![Page 27: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Causes of Population Decline / Extinction27
(1) Overkill – fishing or hunting- 10% ? of losses, larger animals
(2) Habitat destruction and fragmentation- 40% of losses ?
(3) Introduced species- 35-40% of losses ?
(4) Chains of extinctions- specialized species, 5% ?
![Page 28: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Overharvesting – Northern Cod28
![Page 29: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29 Overharvesting – Northern Cod
Total closure of the fishery in eastern
Canada in 1992
Prediction: fishery will recover over the
following 25-30 years
Cod numbers have slowly recovered as of
2020 due to fishing and grey seal predation
![Page 30: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30 Introduced Species - Predators
Lake trout were a major freshwater fish in the Great Lakes of North America
Building of ship canals opened up the Great Lakes to the sea and marine predators
The sea lamprey became established in freshwater during the 1930s
![Page 31: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sea Lamprey Predation on Lake Trout 31
![Page 32: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dilemmas #1 – Killing for Conservation32
Invasive species– can we reduce their
impact ?
- very difficult to eradicate
- best to prevent colonization
Native species that impact other native
species – how to manage these ?
![Page 33: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Map of 11 study sites,
Northern Spotted Owl,
1983-2013
Dugger, K. M. et al. (2016).
The effects of habitat, climate,
and Barred Owls on long-term
demography of
Northern Spotted Owls.
Condor 118:57-116.
33
![Page 34: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Northern Spotted Owl Population Trends34
![Page 35: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Killing for Conservation (cont’d)
Northern Spotted Owl declines can probably
be stopped by killing Barred Owls, a
natural invader
Barred Owls are everywhere within the range
of the Northern Spotted Owl so killing
would have to continue to be effective
Do we want to do this killing or not ?
35
![Page 36: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Human Population Dynamics36
No population can increase without limit
Humans are no exception
Stable populations can exist in two states:
- (1) high birth rates = high death rates
- (2) low birth rates = low death rates
The movement from (1) to (2) is the
Demographic Transition
![Page 37: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Human Population Growth37
![Page 38: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Human Population Projections38
Current path
![Page 39: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39 Demographic Transition
Mexico1.2% increase2.1 children
Sweden0.3% increase1.8 children
2020
![Page 40: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Human Population Growth40
Current human population = 7.83 billion- 2020 rate of increase = 1.1%- Total Fertility Rate = 2.3 children
Carrying capacity of the earth - how many people can the Earth support ?- no clear agreement- best guess: ecological footprint
![Page 41: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ecological Footprint of Humans41
The carbon footprintis the largest part ofhuman ecological
footprint
![Page 42: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Coda
No population increases without limits
The problem is to find the mechanisms
causing population change
With the experimental approach, we are
making progress
But “the devil is in the details” …
42
![Page 43: Population Regulation: general theory and history · 2021. 1. 16. · Population Regulation: general theory and history Charles J. Krebs Department of Zoology University of British](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062609/60f81ccb5284c870f819c039/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Thanks for listening !
43