![Page 1: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Population Dynamics
![Page 2: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Population Dynamics
Population: all the individuals of a species that live together in an area
Demography: the statistical study of populations, make predictions about how a population will change
![Page 3: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Population Dynamics
Key Features of Populations
•Size – age structure of individuals
•Density – total number per unit area
•Dispersion - (clumped, even/uniform, random)
![Page 4: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PRE-
REPRODUCTIVE
REPRODUCTIVE
POST-
REPRODUCTIVE
![Page 5: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Population of a Stable Country
![Page 6: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Age- Structure Pyramids
![Page 9: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Key Features of Populations
2. Density: measurement of
population per unit area or unit
volume
Formula: Dp= N
Dp - Pop. Density = # of individuals per unit of
space
S
![Page 10: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Immigration- movement of individuals into a population
Emigration- movement of individuals out of a population
Factors that affect density
![Page 12: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Density-dependent factors- Biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increases
Ex. disease
competition
parasites
Factors that affect density
Density-independent factors- Abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density
Ex. temperature
storms
habitat destruction
drought
![Page 13: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Immigration
Emigration
Natality Mortality Population +
+
-
-
Factors That Affect Future
Population Growth
![Page 14: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dispersion : describes their spacing relative to each other
• clumped
• even or uniform
• random
Key Features of Populations
even
random
clumped
![Page 15: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Population Dispersion
![Page 16: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Other factors that affect population growth
Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the
existence of organisms in a specific environment.
EX.- Amount of water Amount of food Temperature
![Page 17: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Many
organisms
present
Few
organisms
present
Few
organisms
present
None None
Limiting Factor- Zone of Tolerance
![Page 18: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Population Growth
Biotic Potential- the amount a population would grow if there were unlimited resources- not a practical model because organisms are limited in nature by amount of food, space, light, air, water
The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources.
Carrying Capacity- the maximum population size that can be supported by the
available resources
There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support
![Page 19: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity (k)
N
u
m
b
e
r
Time
J-shaped curve
(exponential growth)
S-shaped curve
(logistic growth)
![Page 20: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Life History Patterns
. R Strategists
short life span
small body size
reproduce quickly
have many young offsprings
little parental care
Ex: cockroaches, weeds, microbes
![Page 23: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
K Strategists
long life span
large body size
reproduce slowly
have few young offsprings
provides parental care
Ex: humans, elephants, giraffes
Life History Patterns
![Page 24: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Human Population Growth
![Page 25: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Human Population Growth
![Page 27: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Time unit
Births
Deaths
Natural
increase
Year
130,013,274
56,130,242
73,883,032
Month
10,834,440
4,677,520
6,156,919
Day 356,201 153,781 202,419
Hour 14,842 6,408 8,434
Minute 247 107 141
Second 4.1 1.8 2.3
![Page 28: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Population Genetics
![Page 29: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Basic Understanding
The problem of genetic variation and natural selection
Why do allele frequencies stay constant for long periods ?
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
![Page 30: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Population Genetics
The study of various properties of genes in populations
Genetic variation within natural populations was a puzzle to Darwin and his contemporaries
The way in which meiosis produces genetic segregation among the progeny of a hybrid had not yet been discovered
It was thought that Natural Selection should always favour the optimal form and eliminate variation
![Page 31: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hardy and Weinberg independently solved the puzzle of why
genetic variation exists
![Page 33: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Background
Hardy & Weinberg showed that the frequency of
genotypes in a population will stay the same from
one generation to the next.
Dominant alleles do not, in fact, replace recessive
ones.
We call this a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
This means that if 23% of the population has the
genotype AaTTRR in a generation, 23% of the
following generation will also have that genotype.
![Page 34: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
There are, however, a number of conditions that must be met for a population to
exhibit the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
These are:
1) A large population, to ensure no statistical flukes
2) Random mating (i.e. organisms with one genotype do not prefer to mate with organisms with a certain genotype)
3) No mutations, or mutational equilibrium
4) No migration between populations (i.e. the population remains static)
5) No natural selection (i.e. no genotype is more likely to survive than another)
![Page 35: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
In a population exhibiting the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it is possible to determine the frequency of a genotype in the following generation without knowing the frequency in the current generation.
Hardy and Weinberg determined that the following equations can determine the frequency when p is the frequency of allele A and q the frequency of allele a
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be expressed in terms of what is known as a binomial expansion:
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
![Page 36: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
For the first equation, if allele A has a
frequency of say 46%, then allele a must
have a frequency of 54% to maintain 100%
in the population.
For the latter equation, a monohybrid
Punnett square will prove its validity.
Set up the Punnett square so that two
organisms with genotype pq (or Aa) are
mated.
The derivation of these equations is
simple
![Page 37: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Punnett square
![Page 38: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Punnett square results in pp, pq, pq, and qq.
Because these are probabilities for genotypes, each square has a 25% chance.
This means that all four should equal 100%, or one.
To make things easier, convert pp and qq to p2 and q2 (elementary algebra, p*p = p2).
If the results are added, the equation p2 + pq + pq + q2 = 1 emerges.
By simplifying, it is p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
![Page 39: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sample problem
A population of cats can be either black or white, the black allele (B) has complete dominance over the white allele (b). Given a population of 1000 cats, 840 black and 160 white.
Determine the following :
a. Allele frequency for dominant and recessive trait
b. Frequency of individuals per genotype
c. Number of individuals per genotype
![Page 40: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
There are 2 equations to solve the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium question -
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 =1
Where, p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p2 = frequency of individuals with the homozygous dominant genotype
2pq = frequency of individuals with the heterozygous genotype
q2 = frequency of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype
![Page 41: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
How to calculate the number of individuals with the
given genotype ?
p2 + 2pq + q2 =1
So
p2 x total population
2pq x total population
q2 x total population
![Page 42: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Sample problem 02
Consider a population of 100 jaguars, with 84 spotted jaguars and 16 black jaguars. The frequencies are 0.84 and 0.16.
Based on these phenotypic frequencies, can we deduce the underlying frequencies of genotypes ?
![Page 43: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
If the black jaguars are homozygous recessive for b (i.e. are bb) and spotted jaguars are either homozygous dominant BB or heterozygous Bb, we can calculate allele frequencies of the 2 alleles.
Let p = frequency of B allele and q = frequency of b allele.
(p+q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2
where p2 = individuals homozygous for B
pq = heterozygotes with Bb
q2 = bb homozygotes
![Page 44: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
If q2 = 0.16 (frequency of black jaguars),
then q = 0.4 (because0.16 = 0.4)
Therefore, p, the frequency of allele B,
would be 0.6 (because 1.0 – 0.4 = 0.6).
The genotype frequencies can be calculated:
There are p2 = (0.6)2 X 100 (number of
jaguars in population) = 36 homozygous
dominant (BB) individuals
The heterozygous individuals (Bb) = 2pq =
(2 * 0.6 * 0.4) * 100 = 48 heterozygous Bb
individuals
![Page 45: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Why do allele frequencies change ?
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and genotype frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation in a large, random mating population IF no mutation, no gene flow and no selection occur.
In fact, allele frequencies often change in natural populations, with some alleles increasing in frequency and others decreasing.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle establishes a convenient baseline against which to measure such changes
By examining how various factors alter the proportions of homozygotes and heterozygotes, we can identify the forces affecting the particular situation we study.
![Page 46: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Significance of the Hardy-Weinberg Equation
By the outset of the 20th century, geneticists were able to use Punnett squares to predict the probability of offspring genotypes for particular traits based on the known genotypes of their two parents.
![Page 47: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Numerical problems - HWE
1) A study on blood types in a population found the following
genotypic distribution among the people sampled: 1101 were
MM, 1496 were MN and 503 were NN. Calculate the allele
frequencies of M and N, the expected numbers of the three
genotypic classes (assuming random mating).
![Page 48: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
2) A scientist has studied the amount of polymorphism in the alleles
controlling the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in a species of
minnow. From one population, 1000 individuals were sampled. The
scientist found the following fequencies of genotypes: AA = .080, Aa
= .280; aa = .640. From these data calculate the allele frequencies of
the "A" and "a" alleles in this population. Use the appropriate
statistical test to help you decide whether or not this population was in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE).
Numerical problems - HWE
![Page 49: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
3) For a human blood, there are two alleles (called S and s) and three
distinct phenotypes that can be identified by means of the appropriate
reagents. The following data was taken from people in Himachal
Pradesh. Among the 1000 people sampled, the following genotype
frequencies were observed SS = 99, Ss = 418 and ss = 483.
Calculate the frequency of S and s in this population and justify either
to reject or accept the hypothesis of Hardy-Weinberg proportions in
this population?
Numerical problems - HWE
![Page 50: Population Dynamics - Weeblyspartas73.weebly.com/uploads/2/6/3/9/26391959/population_dynamics.pdf · Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7e4e4a8a84522ae4234a58/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)