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Poplar Phytoremediation: Criteria for Successful Designs and
Long-term Operation
Advanced Hardwood Biofuels NorthwestPortland OR
April 12, 2016
Dr. Lou Licht, PE; Ecolotree, Inc.
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1. Engineering with Plants - Phyto2. Roots move & remove ‘pollutants’3. Return results from HSRC ‘investment’4. Professor Erickson – road builder5. Speaking personally
Agenda
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Phyto’s BIG IDEA: 1. Every drop 2. passes within a centimeter of a
root 3. before it reaches a drain pipe or
percolates.
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Perspective : It was 26 years ago (1988)
that I planted the first poplar water treatment buffer
at The University of Iowa
Funded by Leopold Center for Sustainable
Agriculture
Word Phytoremediationcoined by Steve
Cunningham in 1992
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Why start with poplar & willow phyto?
1. We can plant the root shallow or deepPredictable
Reactor Volume
6 foot deep roots for 5-year old hybrid poplar in Iowa
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PHYTO FUNCTIONS :•Remove Water•Stabilization Soil Surface•Capture & Use Nutrients (N&P)•Adds Carbon and Oxygen
•Attached growth reactor
•Feeds & Grows MicrobesIncrease diversity Increase numberThroughout rhyzosphere
Picture by Dr. Phil Thompson, 1996, U Iowa Ph.D. Dissertation
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Irrigated with coal bed methane water19 month old DN21 rootsKaycee WY. 2006
Grow fastPreformed root initialsGrow from polesUse water
Looking In Row Looking
Cross Row
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PHYTO FUNCTIONS :•Removes Water(and solubles in the flow)
Landfill Leachate EBufferSalisbury NC.
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Irrigation Water Use Pattern for Poplar in Washington Like Oregon (Smesrud, 2004)
Patterns:1. Older bigger
trees use more water
2. Trees use more water in hotter summer months
3. Midwest water use pattern will be same
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Water taken up by roots flows via xylem to leaves & out STOMATES
This is old, well-proven data
Unregulated discharge
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Why poplar phyto?2. Genetically selected and manipulated;
We select for biomass and phyto benefits
Greenwood Industries 25,000 acres poplar
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3. Increased pollutant removal reactionsmicrobes + exudates + plant enzymes = increased pollutant reaction rates
Photo courtesy of Dr. Phil Thompson, Seattle University
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Nitrification/Denitrification
2 Meters
(6 Feet)
N2NH3
NO3NO2
C
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Expect Organics, Pathogens & Pharmaceuticals to be mineralized
2 Meters
(6 Feet)
BOD (fats, protein, carboy)
Pathogens
PharmaceuticalsC
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Fluctuating water table pulses the redox potential
Poplar & willow roots thrive even when flooded
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Why poplar & willow phyto?4. More peer-reviewed research essential for changing permitsInternational Phytosociety Journal & Environmental Science
& Technology are critical
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Why poplar phyto?5. Over 400 Installed Sites
• Waste water Treatment• Manufactured gas plants• Refineries• Fuel terminals & tank farms• Military locations • Petrochemical spills• Landfills• Urban Brownfields• Urban and ag stream buffers
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1990 - 2014 Ecolotree Project SitesAll Regulated Pollutant Treatment Projects
Landfill and Lagoon ETCapsLandfill leachate EBuffersOrganic chemical* EBuffers Arsenic EBuffers Brownfield EBufferWastewater Phyto Treat
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Why Plants?6. Commodity
Cash Crop
Woody Fiber Lumber, Forage, and
Renewable Energy
Changes Economics!
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Phyto MunicipalWaste water
Tertiary Treatment
10,000 towns have insufficient Ammonia – N &
Pathogen removal
3-cell lagoon
Oxidation ditch
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Early data is like yeast – it makes the dough rise:Phyto test Cell
data
Three soils, 5 trees each,
irrigated daily with 3 liters
effluent
Trees July 2011
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Early data is like yeast – it makes the dough rise
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Chicago Landfill, Planted Fall 2009 is irrigated with 6 million liters leachate on 4 hectares, saves $150,000/year in hauling and treatment
Trees are 10 meters tall and very healthy after 5; 1.9 mgy leachate applied
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•Mineral solids – sand, cobble, silt, clay
•Organic matter -(BOD)
•Nutrients that accelerate algae growth (N & P)
•Fecal pathogens (Virus, bacteria, fungus)
•Pharmaceuticals – man-made drugs and hormones
•Petrochemicals Pesticides, herbicides, •Automotive oils, fuels, grease•Industrial & home – paint, degreaser
•Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb)
•Salts – sodium chloride, ice remover, sea spray
•Predicted Rhyzofiltration Pollutant Removal Effect:Yes! Capture
Yes! Adsorb, Humus
Yes! Adsorb,Uptake
Yes! Capture many
Some! Adsorb& Breakdown
Yes! Capture, Adsorb, Humus & Breakdown
Yes!Precipitate
No! Not table salt
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Criteria for Successful Design
Feasible – parts and assembly system is known Practical – useable by the ‘people in the field’ Economical – measured by $$$: Time, Talent, Mass of ‘Stuff’,
Efficiency of delivery Safe – acceptable risk for human and business health Legal – conforming to Laws of the Land. Moral – achieving sense of justice – example - ‘leaving options for
future generations’. Politically acceptable – fear management negotiated between
politicians, constituents & owners
Ecological – supports Ecosystem functions in natural cycles