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P M B H?Explaining Non-Compliance Dynamics in the EU
Tj A. Bz, T Hfm d D P
No. 24 | February 2011
Working Paper
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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011
KFG Working Paper Series
Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tfv P f E
Th KFG W P S v dm h h f h Kolleg-Forschergruppe m hm
v d . I m h dm xh h d d x
h d x d E d h E U.
A KFG W P v h KFG .fm. dd v m
Ch f h : Tj A. Bz, T Hfm, D P
Ed d d: F Ah, C Bh
Bz, Tj A./Hfm, T/P, D 2011: P M B H? Ex N-Cm Dm
h EU, KFG W P S, N. 24, F 2011, Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) Th Tfmv P f
E F Uv B.
ISSN 1868-6834 (P)
ISSN 1868-7601 (I)
Th h fdd h Gm Rh Fd (DFG).
F Uv B
K-Fh
Th Tfmv P f E:
Th E U d h D f Id
Ih. 26
14195 B
Gm
Ph: +49 (0)30- 838 57033
Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096
.fm.
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Policy Matters But How? | 3
Policy Matters But How?
Explaining Non-Compliance Dynamics in the EU
Tj A. Bz, Tb Hf d D Pk
Abstract
Th E U fm d hh zd. Nvh, h
, -m d fm m v
EU fm d v m. S f h m f m -
x, h , , d m. I - md x
d f hh -m d h q vd. Y, h h
v f h m v h v xd. Th h
d, , - v hh d m f x
-m. Bd qv , h h m f h fq
h hh EU vd, h f -m v m d v h d
f h fm d.
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4 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011
T Ars
Tj A. Bz Pf f P S d hd h h f E
I h O Sh I f P S, F Uv B.
H h q f Gv, h
f Ez h d f d d h d
d f h E U. S O 2008, h d h Rh
C Th Tfmv P f E h h Thm R.
C: @zd.f-.d
Tb Hf v f vm h C f Wm
& M d h h PhD P S F Uv
B. H h d h m f
d . Bf j h f Wm
& M f, h f h Nh C f Gz d
Gv d h Whhd C f I
A.
D Pk L f P S h Uv C D.
H h f v d h -, d
, h d d f m,
Ez, mv E U , EU d-m
, md h f m d
z.
C: d.@d.
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Policy Matters But How? | 5
Cnts
1. Id 6
2. N-Cm d P-V 7
3. P-Ex 12
4. R- Ex 18
5. C 27
L 29
Adx: Oz f P d C 33
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6 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011
1. Id
N-m h , v hh zd m m,
mm, d fm m v v.1 Th fm
d f h E U (EU) m zd m m (h E
Cmm) h d d v v f EU L. Th E Cmm
fm d f dd f d -m d m
d h h v . Shd m f, h Cmm h djd
f h h E C f J (ECJ), hh d . F
h h f hh -m, h Cmm d h ECJ h
d h fm , hh h ECJ (f. Bz 2001). D
h v, -m d d mm .2
I dd, h fm f m v m v h f h EU
m d d h h m v fm . S h d , x h m v f mm -m.
Th f h -m h f m - x (.. K
1998; Hvd 2000; f vv f. Mh 1996; Ch 2001). I , -
md x d f hh -m d h f hh hh m
m vd (Bz . 2010). Y, h h v f h
vd v xd. W h h d h m f -
d x. Thf, h f - v3, hh h f
hh m f h fq f -m d v m d h f h
fm d. I dd, h h - v, h hh E m,
hh mx f , h d f E , h
fq f m v.
Th d h f . F, m h v f -m
d (2). Sq, dv - hh d qv hm
(3). V h fq f m d m dm
m d x d h h f h d.
F xm, h -m fm v, m- m
d h m f f h fm d d d m v
d m m- d m- . Sm, m v v
m dv . I d hm d
. T vm h d, d v m -d h. Nx -d
hh, d - hh d hm h qv mhd (4).
1 Cf. A . 2000; A/Sd 2000; D 1997; G . 1998; Gd . 2000; Hf/Sh
1997; Hd 1993; J 2000; Kh 2000; Kh . 2000; Smm 2000; Smh 2000; S S/
B 1997; Z 2001; Z/J 2005 m h.
2 Cf. D 1997; F . 2004; F . 2005; H 2007; Hvd 2000; M 2001; M
2003; S 2006; T 2003 m h.
3 F m m fv f h h d v f. Lm/U1998; K . 2005; S 2007; S/Rhd 2005; S/Kd 2008; T
2007; Hvd 2000; Hvd . 2008.
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Policy Matters But How? | 7
Th v h h Dv d x E , h m f mm
mmm d h f fm m m. L,
mx f Dv hd hd h hh h f -m. F, -
d m fm m mm. Th d h -, -, d -
x f -m m, md. I m f -
v, hh EU- d f -m
(f. Bz . 2010). E m d mx h . Hh m h
Dv d h E aquis communautaire hh mx Dv q m
, dmv, , d v h Dv h m d d
x d Dv h mx. Th, h h hm
f d m h d mm f mx d
EU .
2. N-C d P-V
Wh h E U h v xdd v m, h mm
d fm f E m h h f h mm . Th
E Cmm h h h mm f
E (d A 226 ECT). Th fm d f v . Th
, d fm (m, , .) d Fm L, fm d d
d. Th fm fm d h h E Cmm Rd
O. Shd -m v m d, h E Cmm f h E C f J (ECJ). Th h djd h, hh d h d
jdm. If h mm f m, h Cmm d (A.
228 ECT), hh m d ECJ jdm d (f. Bz 2001).
Wh m h fq f -m d 1978 d 19994,
h mm h f E m m h
h. Od -m (DV1)5 dm dd .6 Wh
h h m f Rd O , h
hf f h h hd fm (f. Gh 1). Hv, h (..
) , mm v v v f h f v .
Ifm m v hh f vm .7
4 F m fm h d, f. Bz . 2007.
5 F m fm h d, f. Bz . 2007. I h f h , hh f -
x f -m, dh f dd v DV1 d
DV2/. Th dd v (DV1) m h fq hh -m . I d
Rd O, .. h f hh h Cmm h -m d. Th
d dd v (DV2) m h f -m. I fh dh
h d f -m v m (DV2) d h m f f h fm d
fm (DV2).
6 Th v v h h (f. Bz . 2007).
7 Th m hd f h j d hm . Hv, h dd
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Graph 1: DV1 Annual Reasoned Opinions per Legal Act (in %) by Policy, 1978-998
If h f -m (DV2) d f h , v d
. Wh E h h m fd ,
h -m h h m d d v. Wh
-m fmd m h h f
d d , fm d h h d d f h
f h f vd.
h h h Mh T 1993. Mv, j d hm h
q mmzd d md j A 226 fm d. Thf,
ddd xd h fm .
8 dm = Adm, = A, m = Cm, = Em d , d = Ed- d h, m = S , = E, v = Evm, = Fh, m = S m,
x = Tx, = T d E, d = Td.
0
5
10
15
ReasonedOpinionsperLegalAct(in%)
tra fis tax com agr adm eco edu ten emp sem env ent
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Policy Matters But How? | 9
Graph 2: DV2a Average Duraon of Non-compliance (in Days) by Policy, 1978-99
A h v h d f -m (DV2) d h
dvd fm h (DV2), h h h
h v h f h fm d. I h
h h d m f fm ( f h m f h
), d h mdd d h (f. Gh 3). M f h h
m d d h . Th mh h h h
h v , h d h h . A, vm, d
m f m fm . B , d, m d
, d d h, d m f v f fm h d. Ov,
m h - -m m h f h fm
d (Gh 3).
0
2,0
00
4,0
00
6,0
00
8,0
00
DurationofInfringementsProceedingsinDays
ent agr edu ten eco tra com env sem emp tax adm fis
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Graph 3: DV2b Non-Compliance across Stages for Selected Policy Sectors, 1978-999
I d q hh h - v d h h vd,
z h f v h h v f dd v, .. DV1
d DV2/. F, h f -m d h OLS
(Md 1, T 1). I d , h q hh h m f
h dvd fm h d h f fm d
dd h h h fd . I d vd
, dd md (Md 2, T 1) d Cx hzd md (Md
3, T 1).
Fm h md T 1 m v h h v h h f -m. Th h, x, d d hv d
v hv m Rd O d v ( %) h h f
(f. Md 1, T 1). Wh h m f f h fm
d, hv h f m fm h, h
h hh (f. Md 2, T 1). D-, h
h , hh fm h f . A, d v m h E
9 A h m h 2 f h fm f h EU f-
m d xdd fm h h h f . I f, fm hm d , d d h, d d h md h fh (ECJ
Rf, A 228) h 1978-99.
0
10
20
30
PercentageofInfringements
1 2 3 4Stages: 1 Reasoned Opinions, 2 ECJ Referrals, 3 Rulings, 4 Referrals, Art. 228
agr emp ent env
fis sem tax ten
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Policy Matters But How? | 11
h hv h h f vv, .. dd f
m h h h (f. Md 3, T 1).
Table 1: Policy Sectors and Infringements
Md: (1) (2) (3)
DV1 DV2 DV2
Adm 0.0112
0.0555
0.3487**
0.1492
-0.5730***
0.1537
Cm -0.0031
0.0425
0.2150
0.1821
-0.3835***
0.1405
Em & F
A
0.0278
0.0729
0.5151**
0.2312
-0.2014
0.1997
Ed & Rh 0.8580***0.1369
0.3444***0.0772
-0.5411***0.0662
E 6.8655***
0.7353
-0.2459***
0.0553
0.1051**
0.0471
Evm 3.6017***
0.4348
0.4077***
0.0528
-0.3579***
0.0479
Fh -0.0689*
0.0375
0.8810***
0.1806
-0.8927***
0.1183
S M 1.1717***
0.1127
0.1771***
0.0542
-0.4808***
0.0452
Tax -0.0582**
0.0234
0.4575***
0.0787
-0.5485***
0.0618T & E 0.4165***
0.1239
0.2055***
0.0757
-0.0890
0.0683
Td -0.1581***
0.0199
0.2819
0.2455
-0.2524
0.1815
C 0.1676***
0.0195
C P 1 0.6532***
0.0366
C P 2 1.1998***
0.0384
C P 3 2.2336***0.0545
Tm Dmm
Ov 273 5,462 4,591
Adjd R-qd 0.74
Tm R 2,974,371
R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd . *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.
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3. P-E
I d x h d m fd d h fm m d,
h , d h f h m d d m d h
fm h, h hd dv -d hh h f -m
(DV1) d (DV2), v. Th md mh d h I R
(IR) f h x m d mm , hh -d d
hd d v. Hv, h x. A h m h
hhh d v d -v (Mj 1993), dv d
dv (Wdh-H 1980), d m-/v d m-/
v (Z 1997).
Mj h h f fm d d-m
v h E v, m d m h
m h mm f E h dm v. Rv m
-m h h -v h fm m hh ,
hh h mm h mh h (Mj 1993). Wdh-
H (1980) f m h d h x hh h d .
S d m h -dv h h dv h
mm f h dm v. U dv , dv
f d (W 1980). Sm fm dv
, h h hv f hm. Th f h dd, m,
d (hf) fm v m (O 1965) v
h mm d h fm f dv E , h
-m. Thd, fm mh hv d v h
fm h , .. dd m d d . Th hd h m f
h f mm . P , hh h EU h mhv v
m (d ), xd m h hh d m fm h
hh h EU v m . Th d h , h m
mm mh h h m h h mm d
fm f mhv d f h .10
Table 2: Policy-specic Hypotheses Part 1
Rv Rdbv Scope
If h f
v, x m
-m h -v
.
If h f
dv, x
m -m h -
dv .
If h f
h d v ,
x m -m
h h m
.
10 Smh m h h f z ( h hf), hh dd S-/Kd 2008 h x hh dv h h , hh dd
mmd fm dm (11).
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Policy Matters But How? | 13
F, Z h v h f -m v, m-
v v, m-m dm, h v/m- h
h m fd (Z 1997; Bz . 2003). Th d h v
m-m d q mm dv d h
f , fm f h h f f m f.
B , v d j m h m f d f m E,
x q f d (Shf 1999; W 2005). Th
d mm f v d m hh , h m
f mm -m. Hv, Z m d h. I f,
h hhz h f d mm h
hd d d h h f h d mm h h hd
(Z 1997). M , h h E fm v
v -m () f mm vm , .. h
dm h h mz d h h h
m , d () h m h d fm h h
h . E Z, h f
vm , f vm m hd m m h
v m d f mm (f. Bz . 2003). I h x, vm
m f d v (d h hh, h h m f v
), hh h mm f f h h hv
(-) (A/Rh 1995; Hvd 2000; T 2002; L 2007). T h, d
h f dd -d hh, h f hh . Th
hh mmzd T 3.
Table 3: Policy-specic Hypotheses Part 2
Pv I
If h f h v
h, x m -m
h v .
Wh d v f vm , h -
m m f v
m m d.
Wh d v f vm m, h -
m m f v
m m d.
Th -m m f v
m h m h
d h fm f EU h f
.
A f h q z f h d. Th xm d,
hh h v d, f, v E h v
d dv m d m m f m d f m , v.
Th h v d hv fd z hh h fd hz (Shf 1996, 1997; Z 1997, 2002). Y, v h v f dvd , h
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z f v m d. Sd h mhd h
mh m d d h h d md Shf m v.
W m h z h h EU m hv h , d
m-v h d h m m vd hv h
dm h dm h f . O z d m
vd m h .
Table 4: Policy Sectors and their Characteriscs
C: Rv Rdbv Scope Pv
Adm
A X
Cm X X
Em & F A X
Ed & Rh X X
S A X X X X
E X X X
Evm X X X X
Fh X
S M X X
Tax X
T & E X X X
Td X X
W d h h hv dm m- h, h
h h m m-m , h. Th f h EU h
m- (A. 136 ECT) m mv v d d
hh d f. I m v, environmental policy dd m
f d d d dd h vm (A. 174-176 ECT).
F, h research policym mv h mv f E d, d
v m m- m, d d h (A. 163
ECT).
A f h f , h d h f agriculture,
environment, social aairs, d single market. Th m dv ..
fm h q h vm d fm d-d
h d f . Fh d x, , v v f .
F, h Mj d f h EU (Mj 1997), m
hv d dm h. Ex administraon, agriculture d
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Policy Matters But How? | 15
sheries policies. Wh h fm d m f f h dvd , agricultural
policies hv h dv d dv d m d d m m
dd d hv. Th m hd fsheries, hh v, hv,
m dv m f m h d. I
m v, social aairs, enterprise, environmental policy d transport and energy policies v
m h dv m, d h .
Empirical Findings
Hv dd h - h h -m d z f
v, m m h dvd hh. I m
h d d d h hh. T h - hh,
j d d h h h f . Th m hh
v m Rd O dd fm v -v, dv
-dv, . . A h f Z v hh m f
- d mm - v, d d h h f h .
Th f f Md 2 d 3 f T 5 h v v v , .. f h
h v f h -m h v d
-m h v . F, h hd f Z v hh,
hv dh -m h d h h d h
h h d . Th f h Md
1 f T 5, h v d fm .
T 5 h h h v f mh h fq f -m
(f. Md 5, T 5), h h Mj Wdh-H d m m
h m h q f m (f. Md 1 d 5, T 5). Wh f h
mm - v, h m vd f Z m h v mh
dd f d f mm h v . Th v
m- d m f fm E
(f. Md 2 d 3.T 5). A, h f h v hh
d (f. Md 3, T 5). Wh h m f v d h
h h f d h m f fm, v d. Th
v d h v dmm d h vm
d h m d h -m m f v
. Th f h h v v hh.
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Table 5: Policy-specic Explanaons of the Occurrence of Non-compliance11
Md: 1 2 3 4 5
Policy:
Rv 1.49881.1350
0.01950.6936
Rdv 2.1744
1.4292
0.7559
0.7116
S 0.8490
0.4823
0.9354**
0.4244
Pv -0.4298
1.4391
1.5845***
0.2078
1.2873***
0.1619
0.5909
0.9366
0.2608
1.0586
Phase:
A -0.2455
0.6163
0.0072
0.6274
Power:
GDP 0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
Sh S. Idx 0.0341
0.0203
0.0341
0.0204
Capacity:
GDP -0.0037
0.0093
-0.0037
0.0093
E -0.4888***
0.0543
-0.1696*
0.0791
C 0.7973
0.6483
0.4884
0.4500
Interacon Eects:
SSI * E 0.0127
0.0094
0.0127
0.0095
P. * E -0.6385***
0.1813
P. * C 0.6177
1.2140
P. * A -0.6650
0.9823
-0.9176
0.9624
C -1.0556
1.0696
-0.5695
0.6143
-0.4209
0.6143
0.5204
0.6068
-0.5652
0.4818
Tm Dmm
Ov 252
P Y
464
Nv
v. Pv
C Y
464
Nv
v. Pv
C Y
564
T
v.
522
T
v.
Adj. R-qd 0.33 0.44 0.47 0.00 0.12
R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd h mm (Md 2 d 3)d (Md 1, 4, d 5). *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.
11 Th z f h d v xd Adx.
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Policy Matters But How? | 17
Table 6: Policy-specic Explanaons for the Persistence of Non-compliance
Md: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Policy:
Pv 0.2969***
0.0770
0.2368***
0.0756
-0.2709***
0.0552
-0.2486***
0.0739
Power:
GDP 0.0001*
0.0000
0.0001*
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0001
-0.0000
0.0001
Sh S. Idx 0.0033
0.0110
0.0038
0.0107
-0.0177**
0.0082
-0.0179**
0.0085
Capacity:
GDP 0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
E -0.2317***0.0248
-0.2119***0.0404
0.0585***0.0196
0.05050.0359
C 0.4530**
0.1973
0.4831*
0.2685
-0.3524
0.2184
-0.3306
0.2479
Interacon Eects:
SSI * E -0.0017
0.0060
-0.0016
0.0058
-0.0017
0.0052
-0.0018
0.0051
Pv * E -0.0808
0.0769
0.0307
0.0836
P. * C -0.1583
0.7477
-0.1028
0.3447
C 1 0.6701***0.2211
0.6576***0.2226
C 2 1.2113***
0.2242
1.1989***
0.2253
C 3 2.2244***
0.2410
2.2120***
0.2406
Tm Dmm
Ov 5,181 5,181 4,377 4,377
R-qd 0.0216 0.0217
Tm R 2,905,849 2,905,849
R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd h mm (Md 2 d 3)d (Md 1, 4, d 5). *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.
W h - hh f h f -m (DV2). H, f
h v m hh v v v d h
-d d -d v.12 F h, h m d d f
Md 2 d 3 f T 1, d hm h dmm v h dh v
d v d h h v d vm m d
vm .
12 W d h f h h v (f. T 5) h d d f -m, dd d . Thf, d h v
v v hh T 6.
Nm f S (DV2) D (DV2)
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18 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011
T 6 v h -m fm v d h m f
f h EU fm d d d. F h , hv, m m d
hh mm hv v d/ m dm v . N f h
hhzd vm , vm m, d
.
Ov, h vd f -m mxd. Hv, h mh m d
h z f h v h h f . Th m
h f h hh fm h v f h dvd d h
v. Ov, h m h m hm,
f v h d dm h hmv. Wh m vm
hv v h, h d . Sm hv d ,
h hv . Sm h f v mm
, h v . I d h m, h x f h dvd h m h .
4. R-S E
Wh m v , m xm d f d
, h v v v dv v -dv. F m
hd hh h v m- v h
h dv. S h h h mj m f h dvm
d f hh, d. W d
h h h f h h fd md h
(DV1).
A h , d d dd v, .. h m (DV2) d h m
f f h fm d (DV2) f dvd f -m
d. Wh h d f h v , h f
mhd h, hh d h m. I , h m h
hv h v -m d v (Bz . d v) h v
f h dd v f (DV2) h v q, ..-m. M , h m m . Sv,
hh -, -, d - f h h d f fm
d d m fm h f h EU fm d. Hv,
h q hh v v h dd v f dd h f
, hh f dd m v. Bh m f h q m
d -m d d m f (d ) hh h
v h dm h d m f . H, x d, h f
-m h m h x ddd. Hv, h dvm f
m hq f d d md h d vv d dd md
h d x (Bhm . 2006; Kh 2007; Bhm/M 2008).
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Policy Matters But How? | 19
F xv h dd v, -, m q
d h d fm h zd 3. W d md d hh
dvd hv md h , m, f h EU mm
d d h (dd v) f h f h h d. A
fm f dd v f h m h 10,000 E f
v h d 1978-99 d h f h , f h 1993 d fm
118 EU Dv h m f h . Th 1993 v m f h
1978-99 -m d. I h v m (f. Gh 4, v h): I,
Bm, G, P, d F h fm h f m d,
h Dm, h Nhd, Lxm, d h UK fd v f f h 1993 EU
Dv.13 Thf, hd d f - f -
m fm h m f h v f fm h E U.
Graph 4: Infringements on 1993 Direcves versus Average Annual Infringements14
13 Th d h h f m d f Dv, h d . Sm f h d,
, f h m Dv v m. F , h Cmm h d f-
m d f fm C Dv 93/37/EEC h d f d
f h d f F v m 1993. Thf, Bm, F, d
G x m fm h I (44 ), hh d h
m f m f fd . Hv, hd d h f h 118 EU Dv
d 1993 hv v fd mm d Dv C D -
v 93/13/EEC f m m h fd m h EU mm.
14 Th h h h h m f h 118 EU Dv h m f 1993 h h fh EU 12 mm fd 1993 d 1999. Th h h h d h v
m f fm f E EU 12 mm h 1986-1999.
0
10
20
3
0
40
50
ReasonedOpin
ions
DN NL LU UK IR ES DEFR PRGRBE IT
Infringements on 1993 Directives
DN NL LU GB IR ES DE FR PR GR BE IT
Average Annual Infringements
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20 | KFGWorking Paper No. 24| February 2011
L d fm - d f mm -v (Gh 5),
h h v h h hh 1993 EU Dv fm h h vd
fd . D , f h m f Dv h m f
h 1993 h h m f Dv h mm
f . Wh h 46 Dv h d h d 36 h
d h h E m, Dv dd m. Th v
mm f m h f v h , , d x Dv.
C, m mm m h m Dv m f h m.
Graph 5: Reasoned Opinion per 1993 EU Direcve (in %) by Average Member State
H x h m f h 118 Dv fd ? Wh m h h
vd d fm h h md h? A, h d m mm f
m f h Dv h h d ? T h q, h
d m, mx, d m d dv v hh, m fm
mm d Ez h, h mm h, fm h, d
v h z h f v h x f
(d).15
F, h dvd h f , z h f h
f E h h fd . A f h m m -
m h, v f v, h q v
, hh h mh (D . 1996; M 1992) d (Ch/
15 Cf. S 2007; Hvd . 2008; d S/Kd 2008.
0
10
20
30
40
ReasonedOpinionsperlegalact(in%),averageMS
com ten sem env agr ent emp tax
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Ch 1993). R h m d x dd, , , m
v h, v d d q (mj) vm f , dmv,
, v (Bz 2005; H . 2001). H h
hm d -m hd v . A E m x E
, , h, f d m hh.
Table 7: Mist Hypotheses
E M D M
Th hh h m x d
E m, h m fm.
Th hh h m E d
x dm m, h m
fm.
T h m hh, z h M 2003, Kd 2006, d
Hvd/Rmj 2007 hh h m f x E , hh h Dv
d , h v m h h h Dv fd . Nh h
hh h dd v dh h mm h E m
h m f . Th h f dm m. N E
m h x mm h h. W z h
dm m h h m f m h mm (d )
d mm E Dv. Th m hd h z h
h h m f d m, h h m h E
Dv d x dm m. Thf, x h h m m,
m m h mm f EU .16
Sd, mm d fm h x h h mx f E
Dv hd h h f fd . Th mm h -m
m h fm v (Ch/Ch 1991, 1995). Ev f m h
E , h vd fm d f h v d h m
. O f -m mx m. U f v
-m mm m h hv
f h h m d h hd d. Hh mx f m d
qm. Cmx Dv q m , dmv, , d
v h , h f h f -m. Th, h
mm h x h m mx d h f vd.
Th fm h m h v m f -m
xd (D 1998; D . 1996). Cmd mv m, hh
Dv hd v m f h -v f h d
16 F d z f dm m h x f d f dv h
Nhd (f. M 2003). Kd (2006) d dm m. Hv, h h
h h , h h m f d f mm x d-
f h E Dv h dm v h h f h D-
v mh d .
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mm. Th, - m d -m f h fm.
A, hh m h m f mm h mm
d h E (H 1980; F 1980; Wdh-H 1980), hh
h h h m vd.
Table 8: Complexity and Precision Hypotheses
M A C Enforcement Approach to Precision
Th hh h mx f E m, h
m h fd .
Th hh h f E m, h
m h fd .
H d z h mx d h f E Dv? Uf, h
f mh d. W h d d f h mm f
mx: Th m f Dv , h m f x h, d
h m f d.17 A h f h v hhzd v d
mx d hf h f -m d h mm h.
P . W z h d: h m f x
Dv h d h Dv h m f d. Bd h fm h,
x h hh f -m.
I h m v, dq m, hh m h hvd,
m f v -m (Ch/Ch 1991, 1995). EU mm d
m , mm, d f Dv. If mm d v
m, -m m vd (f. M 2003; S/Rhd 2005; Kd
2006; Hvd . 2008). Dm mh m () qd mm
d f d h . Th d m. N d m
f h f -m h mh m mm v EU
Dv, h mh m h . Th mm d mm
E (d h dd), h hh h h h h h
h Cmm d h h Cmm h hm, .. fm
d.18
17 Sm d h m f d h h f x d f h mx f E-
. I, h h h f Dv d d h m f
d h hh mx, xv x hh d h h f
, m d m hd (f. S/Kd 2008).
18 M f h v d h f E Dv h d f
m v, h dd v f. Wh d dmd f
-m h , (M 2003, Hvd . 2008, S/Kd 2008, d hz h m Dv (d h dd) d hh h
Cmm d mm v E .
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Table 9: Time Hypotheses
T Tb R- Id
Th m m mm d
E m, h fm.
Th mm
E m, h m h h
Cmm fm d/h
fm dd.
T m h f m vd d m , z h f h m f d
h f E Dv d h dd -m,
h hd, d h m f d h dd d h d f h d
m, h h hd.
Empirical Findings
N, , h md, hh - v
hv h h EU Dv d 1993 fd mm
, d md. Th f h mm -Dv. Th dd
v f m hh fm d f 1993 d
1999. Th dd v f h d m h mm
f Dv.
Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements
Md: (1) (2) (3) (4)
P C P C
Mist:
Pv EU A -0.1785***
0.0633
-0.1381
0.0872
-0.1133**
0.0498
-0.0902
0.0748
N Im -0.0281
0.0216
-0.0292
0.0235
0.0123
0.0132
0.0132
0.0130
Complexity/ Precision:
A Cd 0.0037
0.0160
0.0175
0.0191
0.0408***
0.0129
0.0575***
0.0155
A Chd 0.0336
0.0260
0.0278
0.0312
0.0374**
0.0181
0.0489**
0.0204
Wd 0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Time:
Dd 0.0004*
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003*
0.0002
0.0004
0.0002
Id 0.0009***
0.0001
0.0008***
0.0001
C -1.1322***
0.1206
-1.8720***
0.1613
-0.9282***
0.1031
-1.7657***
0.1514
P Dmm
Ov 1079 1079 1320 1320
Pd R-qd 0.1824 0.1072 0.0216 0.0189
R h -d - d (H/Wh) dd . *** = 0.01, ** = < 0.05, * = < 0.1.
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T 10 h h h m m f h f - hh.
Th vd h, h Dv d x E , h m
f mm mmm d h f (P Md 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, d 11 f
T 10) v ( d Md 6 d 10 f T 10) fm m m. Hv,
h d m hh h f dm m d d. Th
mh m d d h h h z f dm m v h
m f m v d. I f, f f h dm m
hh v m dd fh d h m
d f vm m d (Md 9-12 f T 10) (f. Bz . 2010),
d m h h m f dm v h h m d
-m dd.
Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements (connued)
Md: (5) (6) (7) (8)
P C P C
Mist:
Pv EU A -0.1797***
(0.0641)
-0.1454*
(0.0803)
-0.2266**
(0.0923)
-0.1690
(0.1099)
N Im -0.0086
(0.0181)
-0.0087
(0.0171)
-0.0021
(0.0177)
-0.0005
(0.0158)
Complexity/ Precision:
A Cd 0.0075(0.0160)
0.0267(0.0168)
0.0103(0.0192)
0.0263(0.0189)
A Chd 0.0353
(0.0271)
0.0270
(0.0292)
0.0344
(0.0289)
0.0184
(0.0312)
Wd 0.0000
(0.0000)
0.0000
(0.0000)
0.0000*
(0.0000)
0.0000*
(0.0000)
Time:
Dd 0.0004*
(0.0002)
0.0004
(0.0002)
0.0004*
(0.0003)
0.0003
(0.0003)
Id 0.0009***
(0.0001)
0.0007***
(0.0001)
0.0009***
(0.0001)
0.0007***
(0.0001)
Power:
GDP 0.0001
(0.0002)
0.0002
(0.0002)
0.0001
(0.0002)
0.0001
(0.0002)
SSI 0.0655*
(0.0369)
0.0975*
(0.0512)
0.0699*
(0.0383)
0.1026**
(0.0508)
Capacity:
GDP -0.0000
(0.0000)
-0.0000
(0.0000)
-0.0000
(0.0000)
-0.0000
(0.0000)
E -0.4601***
(0.1151)
-0.7648***
(0.1860)
-0.4976***
(0.1235)
-0.7782***
(0.1827)
C 0.8333
(0.5483)
0.8824
(0.6143)
0.8947
(0.5508)
0.9352
(0.6091)
Interacon Eects:
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Policy Matters But How? | 25
SSI * E 0.0387
(0.0246)
0.0819**
(0.0390)
0.0416
(0.0263)
0.0828**
(0.0384)
C -1.4996***
(0.1581)
-2.5399***
(0.2273)
-0.9823*
(0.5868)
-2.0174***
(0.4810)
P Dmm no no Ov 1079 1079 1067 1079
Pd R-qd 0.2230 0.1436 0.2405 0.1585
A hf f h md md T 10 (3, 4, 7, 8, 11, d 12), d f h
m mx m, .. m mx EU Dv m fd .
Th fm hh d , h h f Dv
(h Md 7 d 8 h x T 10) d h
h m f d d -m h d md. F, d h f Dv h h h
Cmm m fm d h v . Th f h
m d f - . A , f m , h d
h m m h h xd h m h m h mm v h
f , mm, d f dm. C
f h m f h mm h d m hh, x
dd h h m m .
I Md 5-12 f T 10, f mm d v. I h,
h hd, h d d E v m hh d h f
h v. Th , h f h m f Dv d d h m
mm h Dv . O h h hd,
h m -d v d , hh x
h f -m mm h h d (Bz . 2010)
d d h h f fm. Th h h h d
fm 1993 EU Dv f h v f fm EU
1978 d 1999.
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Table 10: Mist, Complexity, Time, and Infringements (connued)
Md: (9) (10) (11) (12)
P C P C
Mist:Pv EU A -0.1820***
(0.0648)
-0.1461*
(0.0774)
-0.1178**
(0.0513)
-0.0949
(0.0703)
N Im -0.0166
(0.0250)
-0.0011
(0.0226)
0.0249
(0.0264)
0.0130
(0.0202)
Interacon Eects:
N. Im *
E
0.0397
(0.0312)
0.0485
(0.0328)
0.0188
(0.0291)
0.0082
(0.0292)
N. Im *
C
-0.7432**
(0.3118)
-0.5385*
(0.2789)
-0.3792**
(0.1751)
-0.3693*
(0.1909)
Complexity/
Precision:
A Cd 0.0101
(0.0162)
0.0277
(0.0170)
0.0441***
(0.0132)
0.0596***
(0.0147)
A Chd 0.0412
(0.0287)
0.0266
(0.0306)
0.0415**
(0.0194)
0.0487**
(0.0208)
Wd 0.0000
(0.0000)
0.0000
(0.0000)
0.0000
(0.0000)
0.0000
(0.0000)
Time:
Dd 0.0005*
(0.0002)
0.0004
(0.0002)
0.0003*
(0.0002)
0.0003
(0.0002)
Id 0.0009***
(0.0001)
0.0008***
(0.0001)
Power:
GDP 0.0001
(0.0002)
0.0002
(0.0002)
0.0002
(0.0002)
0.0003
(0.0002)
SSI 0.0541
(0.0380)
0.0877*
(0.0509)
0.0605*
(0.0325)
0.1104**
(0.0537)
Capacity:
GDP -0.0000*
(0.0000)
-0.0000*
(0.0000)
-0.0000*
(0.0000)
-0.0000*
(0.0000)
E -0.4684***
(0.1221)
-0.7916***
(0.1850)
-0.5801***
(0.1047)
-1.0017***
(0.2050)
C 1.0212*
(0.5365)
1.1583**
(0.5841)
0.9290**
(0.4671)
1.1121*
(0.5830)
Interacon Eects:
SSI * E 0.0334
(0.0252)
0.0802**
(0.0381)
0.0494**
(0.0225)
0.1083**
(0.0442)
C -1.5731***
(0.1652)
-2.6130***
(0.2242)
-1.3380***
(0.1393)
-2.5249***
(0.2318)
Ov 1079 1079 1320 1320
Pd R-qd 0.2332 0.1489 0.09452 0.07544
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Ov, h m 10 d h d f dvd hh h h h
-m m-dm hm h f d m ddd
fm , , d v. Ev h hh h f
mm d , Dv h, d dmm h md,
d f hh fm h f h v. Th v m
v h, hh -, -, d - v.
5. C
D IR , m h m f -d x f h
d f -m. I v , d h h d d
md x h f h vd v m dm (Bz . 2010).
Y, m v h md xd f. Th dv h m h hh
mv d -d h d - d - v. T h d,
md h fq f -m d d. Th v h m
m vd h h ( h fm h , j d hm
, d vm d) d h m v q m m d m f h
fm d h d ( h fm h h, dm, d
x d). B, h x m d h h fq f
v d h fm f -m m? I 3, dv
hh d dv h h, h h dm mm,
m, d . Th qv f h hh v h
h d f d (.. v, dv, d dv),
h d m- d m- v f h
m v -m h v. Th m f h h h m
d h m h d d h dd dm.
F , m d v d v m v
. I dd, v hv dv d-. W ddd m d
h dd f (S 1970) d f - v h h h h
f h d. T h d d d d mdf x Ez, mm,
mm, d fm h, dv hh d E m, h
mx d f m, m, d d 4 f h . T
h hh, dd d, hh Dv h d f
1993. Th d d m m d -m f dvd EU
Dv, d Dv dvd, - h . Wh -
hh, h h m mx f Dv hd hd h
hh h f -m. A, h Dv d x E ,
h m f mm mmm d h f fm m. L,
, d h f Dv h h h h Cmm
fm d h d mm .
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Th dm h x f -, -, d -h
f md. T hh h f mm d ,
- v, d dmm md, fd f h f h
v: C h hh ( ) m v EU h
f h d. C h v m h h
h m h h hv , mm, d f (f. Bz
. 2010). A h m m, h h mm v mx d
m- d m h d h fm
hzd v . A, mm f EU m f
h E m hh. Th, h v m v h, hh
m dd v h v h d , , d
.
Bd h d h, h m h f f m h.
F, d h d f h hh dvd 3 f h
. Th h fm f E v h d m
h z f d h v, dv, d, m-m,
m-. A x d h mf d h v f h
d d dvd E , , dv, d d h
dm. Wh h f, d , v h m h 10,000 E
f. Th d h f f h m d , mhd.
H - hh f d dd v, .. h f -
m v m d v h d f h fm d? A d , h
q - md h m d d md h hd h
vv d dd md h h d f h -dm m
h h x f h m fm f E hd
h h d h d m f h EU fm d vm -
m m h h.
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Policy Matters But How? | 29
L
Abbo, Kenneth W./Keohane, Robert O./Moravcsik, Andrew/Slaughter, Anne Marie/Snidal, Duncan 2000:
Th C f Lz, : I Oz 54/3, 401-419.
Abbo, Kenneth W./Snidal, Duncan 2000: Hd d S L I Gv, : IOz 54/3, 421-456.
Alesina, Alberto/Rosenthal, Howard 1995: P P, Dvdd Gvm, d h Em,
Cmd.
Auer, Astrid/Demmke, Christoph/Polet, Robert1996: Cv Sv h E f h F: C
S d P, Mh.
Boehmke, Frederick J/Meissner, Christopher M. 2008: Md Sm S f D h Tm-
V Cv, Wh A h D f Exh R Rm, : Th S
f P Mhd, 25h A Smm Cf, 9-12 J 2008, A A, MI.
Boehmke, Frederick J./Morey, Daniel S./Shannon, Megan 2006: S B d C-Tm
D Md: Cq d Pd S, : Am J f P
S 50, 192-207.
Brzel, Tanja A. 2001: N-Cm h E U. Ph S Af?, :
J f E P P 8/5, 803-824.
Brzel, Tanja A. 2005: Ez: H h E U I h Mm S, :
Bm, Sm/Lq, Ch (d): Th Mm S f h E U, Oxfd.
45-69.
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I d S f E I. Wh Mm S D (N) Cm h
E L, : CES W P 151, Hvd Uv, Cmd, Mh.
Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Panke, Diana (d v): O, Rf, d Jdm.
Az Ld P f N-Cm.
Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Panke, Diana/Sprungk, Carina 2010: O d I. Wh
Mm S D N Cm Wh E L, : Cmv P Sd 43/11,
1363-1390.
Brzel, Tanja A./Hofmann, Tobias/Sprungk, Carina 2003: Eh v Rh j d N.
Z Imm md R d EU, : Zh f
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Braugam, Deborah 1996: S C d Ev Gv, Wh, DC.
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R T, : N J 7/2, 311-331.
Chayes, Abram/Chayes, Antonia Handler1993: O Cm, : I Oz 47/2, 175-205.
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Checkel, Jerey T. 2001: Wh Cm? S L d E Id Ch, : I
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Downs, George W. 1998: Efm d h Ev f C, : Mh J f
I L 19/2, 319-344.
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N A C?, : I Oz 50/3, 379-406.
Duina, Francesco G. 1997: Ex L Imm h E U, : I
J f h S f L 25/2, 155-179.
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Falkner, Gerda/Hartlapp, Miriam/Leiber, Simone/Treib, Oliver2004: N-Cm h EU Dv
h Mm S: O hh h Bd?, : W E P 27/3, 452-
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Falkner, Gerda/Treib, Oliver/Hartlapp, Miriam/Leiber, Simone 2005: Cm h E. EU
Hmz d S L h Mm S, Cmd.
Feick, Jrgen 1980: I Vh h Ivmm, : Mz,
R (d.): Imm h Pmm II. Az z Thd, Od.
Garre, Georey/Kelemen, R. Daniel/Schulz, Heiner 1998: Th E C f J, N
Gvm, d L I h E U, : I Oz 52/1,
149-176.
Goldstein, Judith L./Kahler, Miles/Keohane, Robert O./Slaugther, Anne-Marie 2000: Lz d Wd
P, : I Oz, S I 54/3, 385-399.
Harfst, Philipp/Schnapp, Kai-Uwe 2003: Im mh K d Exv
h Dm, : WZB D P FS IV, 03-201.
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Ad: Oz f P d C
I d h f , d . Th
d d d h d f d f m z d
EU- . G dm d (GDP) x f m (Kh 1989;
M 1992; Mv 1998; S 2002). Th d m fm h Wd Dvm Id
(Wd B 2005). F d EU- , h f m h mm
v (d , h, ) d qd mj v (QMV)
h C f M (Shapley Shubik Index) d (Sh/Sh 1954; Rdd 2002).
A dd h x f hh, dvdd
vm m d vm . Gvm m f f h m f
v h m f mm (T 2002; Imm 1998). Hv, v
f h m f h d v m v m, h f
h f xm d (-) m m h. W v v
dx (Constraints), hh f h f v h h dd
v d h v m d (Hz 2002). I
d m md f m vm h, m h
m f dd h h v d h d f f
h h. Th d m f h h d
h f x d d d dm h f h vm
h h h h dd.19 T v d f vm m
dd h : Th xv f h m d md h x
hh h vm f d d mj f h v
h (D 1995; T 2002), d h m vh f vm md h
m (.. m f mm) d d (.. fm )
v f h vh f h v h vm (Hf/Sh 2003). W d d
h v, f m .
T f h f vm , d d h m h
. F f , GDP per capita (Bm 1996). I m f h
hh d m. Th d m fm h Wd Dvm
Id (Wd B 2005). Whh h h mz h h d h v Eciency. I h z, dx f
d fm f h v d A d h (M
2001; A . 1996). Th dx f h m f : Pfm
d f v v, f m , d dv f .
B hh h m f , .. h C P
Idx f T I (Hzfd/W 2003). F f m, d
. Oh d f vm h
19 Sm h h v, h f f h vm ,
x v m h EU (.. M 2005). Th x v -zd h h fq f vm h. Hv, f f d m, m
h h f v m h f v .
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q fm h I C R Gd d h Wd B v d
(Kfm . 2006) d d h f h h v f h m d zd
h d v f mv d f h EU mm .
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T K-F - E Ad E d
Iv R
Th K-Fh (KFG) fd mm -
hd h Gm Rh Fd 2008. I -
f h KFG vd m vm
hh vv h d h d dd h m f d j h.
Th K-Fh Th Tfmv P f E
h h E h B-Bd-
d z h h h v-
d h . I xm h f h EU -
m d f d, z h mhm d
f d x d h h :
Id d h P Sh
Cm, Cd d Bd
Cmv Rm d E Ex R