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PM CEMS – TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS & DEVICE CALIBRATION
Sankar Kannan
05-July-2017
Online Real-time Monitoring Technology
M.P. Pollution Control Board
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HISTORY
01
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EARLY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE1556
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Date Name | Confidential 4
PM CEMS - HISTORYSIMPLE IDENTIFICATION
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Opacity (%)
PM CEMS - HISTORYRINGELMANN SCALE
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PM CEMS - HISTORY
Date Name | Confidential 6
RINGELMANN SCALE
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Filter paper slot
Sampling pipe
Pump
Reference scale
PM CEMS - HISTORYBACHARACH SCALE – SOOT NUMBER
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TECHNOLOGIES
02
DateName | Confidential 8
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CEMS
PM Measurement
Automated
In-situ
Optical
Transmissiometery
Scatterlight
Non-Optical
Tribo electric
Electro Dynamic
Extractive
Beta Radiation
Wet Extractive
Manual
Gravimetric Sampling (Iso-
kinetic)
VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES
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Colliding particles exchange their
electrical charge with the measuring
electrode. The electrical charge
transfer depends on the respective
mass, velocity and electric charge of the
particles
This effect is used by the so-called “Tribo flow
effect”
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESTRIBO FLOW
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IAC = measured AC-current (A)
KI = const., function of the geometry of
the stack
KM = material-dependent
m = mass-concentration of particulates (mg/s)
Source: Lecture K. Smolders and J. Baeyens, Belgium, I
IAC = KI • KM • m
Particles procedure a charge movement
by charge induction.
(Charge on the particle transfer charge in
the probe as it passes.)
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESELECTRODYNAMIC
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
Points to ponder
Triboelectric / Triboflow / Electrodynamic is velocity dependent. So not suitable for any process where there is a variation in the velocity.
Mostly suitable for mass flow measurement and not for instantaneous concentration measurement.
Widely used as a switch for detection of filter bag rupture
Internal Zero & Span check is not possible
TRIBO FLOW & ELECTRODYNAMIC
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reflection
diffraction
absorption
light
refraction
“Fortschritt-Berichte VDI” Reihe 8, Nr. 773, Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag 1999
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESDIFFERENT EFFECTS OCCURRING WHEN ILLUMINATING A PARTICLE
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Transmission
oI
IT
Opacity
oI
IOpac 1
I = received light;
Io = emitted light
k = extinction coefficient
E = extinction
c = dust concentration
L = length of optical measurement path
(auto-collimating: 2 x distance)
Extinction
TE
1lg
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESTRANSMITTANCE / OPACITY
Dust concentration is proportional to Extinction
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
15
MEASURING LIMITS – TRANSMISSION / OPACITY
Relationship between - path length
- particle size
- dust concentration
To measure low concentrations a long measuring path is required
Smallest measuring ranges Largest measuring ranges
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
16
SCATTER LIGHT
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transmitted light
particle
scattered light intensity
light trap
90°-area
forward scattering area(0°)
backward scattering area (180°)
small angel measurement
wide angel measurement
“Fortschritt-Berichte VDI” Reihe 8, Nr. 773, Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag 1999
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESDIFFERENT REGIONS OF SCATTERED LIGHT
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Dust concentration in mg/m³
Calibration according to the
recommendation of the
Guideline VDI 2066.
Measurement volume
Detector
Light
emitter
Direct measured light scattered
from particles
Small scattered light intensity
requires high measurement
accuracy and sensitivity
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESFORWARD SCATTER LIGHT
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PM CEMS TECHNOLOGIESSCATTERED LIGHT (FORWARD) PROBE
Receiver optics
Sender
Receiver
Fibre optic cable
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
20
BACKWARD SCATTER LIGHT
Sender
Receiver
Measuring volume
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
Points to ponder
Both these opto-electric measurement are time tested and used for a long time
Transmissiometers are suitable for medium to high concentration of dust.
Scatterlight instruments are used for measurement of very low to medium concentration of dust
Various standards are available for dust monitors based on these measurement principles
TRANSMISSIOMETER & SCATTERLIGHT MEASUREMENT
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Particles in the extracted partial gas flow are collected
on a filter paper in defined time intervals (approx. 5 min).
Beta-radiation on the filter paper provides measured
values directly proportional to the dust weight, not
influenced by particle size and color.
Device provides only mean values (normally 5 to 20 min),
no information about actual measured values
Radiation source needs high safety effort
High costs for consumables
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESBETA RADIATION
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PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIES
Date Name | Confidential 23
WET EXTRACTIVE
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Installation
supportFilter head probe GS5
Multichannel hose
Evaluation unit
Probe mount
Dust collector
Laptop (only SHC 502)
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESGRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT – REFERENCE MEASUREMENT
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Measuring principle Type Procedure
Gravimetric measurement extractive discontinuous
Beta Ray extractive discontinuous
Scatter light wet gas extractive continuous
Scatter light dry gas in - situ continuous
Triboflow in - situ continuous
Transmission in - situ continuous
PM CEMS - TECHNOLOGIESSUMMARY
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SUMMARY
26
Selection of technology depends on the CEMS- and application requirements,
e.g.
▸ Local regulation requirements
▸ Gas conditions (gas matrix, gas “wet” or “dry”?)
▸ Certification of Analyzer by a third party
▸ Reliability of the Analyzer according to gas conditions
▸ Measurement task
▸ Maintenance frequency and availability of support personnel
Each solution is also dependant on investment in comparison with
operational costs
Local regulation and engineering and consultancy.
Summary
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PM CEMS CALIBRATION
03
DateName | Confidential 27
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PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT DEVICESWHY CALIBRATION IS REQUIRED
Optical, electro-dynamic and tribo-electric monitors are indirect measuring
methods. They detect an optical effect – not the dust concentration.
Because of the big variety of dust characteristics, for optical dust monitors it is
not possible to measure the dust concentration directly.
To get a mass concentration output signal in mg/m³ every single dust monitors
has to be calibrated by gravimetric measurement equipment.
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PM CEMS CALIBRATION
Different dust characteristics in terms of: - Colour
- Size
- Sourface structure
- Reflexion ability
- Density …
Asbest dust Coal dust Domestic dust
Examples of dust structures
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PM CEMS CALIBRATION
1
2 8
1
4
1
Relation
Mass / Area:
1
2
Diameter Area Mass
d
2d
Particle size
The relation between particle size and an mass :
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GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT
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GRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT
Requirements:
Distance to the dust monitoring level at least 500 mm above in flow direction
No mutual influencing of dust meter and calibrating device.
Bad example
Better example
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For dust gravimetric comparison according VDI 2066 the gas must be extracted in such
way that the gas velocity in the extraction tube and the gas velocity in the stack are the same.
PM CEMS CALIBRATIONISOKINTETIC SAMPLING
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PM CEMS CALIBRATIONNON – ISO KINETIC SAMPLING
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Calibration is performed under different
plant operation and conditions to
achieve different dust load.
Profile measurements has to be considered.
mg/m³
20mA
Relationship between dust concentration
in mg/m³ and monitor output in mA
PM CEMS CALIBRATIONVDI 2066
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When evaluating a series of gravimetric
dust measurements in accordance to VDI
2066, 95% of the measured extinction
values have to be within the tolerance
range Y3 and Y4 of the actual dust
concentration Y.
The extinction value established over a
long period of time has a 95% probability of
falling inside the confidence range which is
defined by Y1 and Y2.
PM CEMS CALIBRATIONREGRESSION CURVE
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PM CEMS CALIBRATION
The relation between:
- concentration in mg/m³
- and monitor output in mA
changes proportional with the
changes in the average particle size.
Influence of average particle size
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
mA from the monitor
Ac
tua
l c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
in
mg
/m³
mg/m³ 10µm
mg/m³ 5µm
mg/m³ 2µm
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PM CEMS CALIBRATION
Because the average particle size
often increases with the
concentration (sometimes with the
plant load), a non-linear upward
rising calibration curve is normal
(the black curve).
Influence of average particle size
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
mA from the monitor
Ac
tua
l c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
in
mg
/m³
mg/m³ 10µm
mg/m³ 5µm
mg/m³ 2µm
ActualThis has to be respected in the
data processing system – means:
quadratic curves have to be used.
(Requirement of EN14181 )
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LINEARITY TESTFILTERHOLDER
DEVICE FILTER
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LINEARITY TESTCOMISSIONING
MAINTENANCE
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MANY THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION
SANKAR KANNAN
+91 9820069531