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Pleuronectiformes!
By: Steve Mussmann
and Christine Knight
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Where it’s at…
Monophyletic group 11 families
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Pleuronectiformes
Bilaterally symmetrical as larvae Eye migrates and asymmetrical as adult Adults lack swim bladder Mostly marine… only a few freshwater species Compressed body Benthic fishes Eat benthic invertebrates and fish
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All the families…
11 familiesAchiridae- American SolesAchiropsettidae- Southern FloundersBothidae- Lefteye FloundersCitharidae- CitharidsCynoglossidae- TonguefishesParalichthyidae- Large Tooth FloundersPleuronectidae- Righteye FloundersPsettodidae- PsettodidsSamaridae- Crested FloundersScophthalmidae- TurbotsSoleidae- Soles
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Achiridae- American Soles
33 species Eyed-side lower lip
has fleshy rim Occur in fresh,
brackish, and marine habitats
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Achiropsettidae- Southern Flounders 6 species Only marine
habitats Antarctic and
Sub-Antarctic waters
Eyes on left side Pectoral fins tiny
or absent
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Bothidae- Lefteye Flounders
162 species Only marine Temperate and
tropical---Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans
Eyes on left No spines in fins Anus on blind side
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Citharidae- Citharids
7 species Only marine Mediterranean,
Indian, and Japan to Australia
Eyes either side Short pelvic fins Anus on eyed
side
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Cynoglossidae- Tonguefishes 140 species Fresh, brackish, and
marine habitats Tropical and sub-
tropical Eyes small and on
left side Asymmetrical mouth No pectoral fins Commercially
important
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Paralichthyidae- Large-tooth Flounders 116 species Fresh, brackish,
and marine habitats Atlantic, Indian, and
Pacific Oceans Eyes on left side No spines in pelvic
and pectoral fins
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Pleuronectidae- Righteye Flounders 102 species Fresh, brackish and
marine habitats---mostly marine
Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans
Eyes on right side Camouflage Fins have no spines Commercially
important
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ty9f5_pxMas
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Psettodidae- Psettodids
3 species Marine only Most primitive
Few vertebrae Swim upright
Eyes on either side
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Samaridae- Crested Flounders 21 species Marine only Indo-pacific---
tropical and sub-tropical waters
Deep waters Postcleithrum
absent
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Scophthalmidae- Turbots
9 species Brackish and marine
waters North Atlantic, Baltic,
Mediterranean, Black seas
Eyes on left side Large mouth---
prominent jaw
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Soleidae- Soles
163 species Fresh, brackish, and
marine habitats Europe to Australia
and Japan Eyes on right side No fin spines Commercially
important
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Evolution of Asymmetry
Born with eyes on both sides of head
Gradually migrates so eyes on same side of head
Adults are asymmetrical
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bldN-lbyqsE
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Matt Friedman 2008
Evolution of asymmetry gradual or in one large jump?
Discovered transitional fossil that has asymmetrical skull eyes on both sides of the head!
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Find the Flounder?!
Chromatophore Pigment
containing Light reflecting
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAZSg2tqe7k
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Experiment!
Winter Flounder
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Conservation… IUCN lists Atlantic Halibut as
endangered and the Yellowtail Flounder as vulnerable
Overfishing Late age of sexual maturity Looking for alternative
species to fish
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Review Questions!
Name three traits shared by the Pleuronectiformes. What is unique about the Southern Flounders? In what family is camouflage most common? What are the advantages of camouflage for
Pleuronectiformes? Make an argument for the gradual evolution of
asymmetry in Pleuronectiformes. Describe the development of a flatfish. What are some reasons for the endangered status
of the Atlantic Halibut?