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Please note that only the online course syllabus version is the official version. Please check the online version periodically to make sure that you have the most recent information.
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Final Exam
-3 hours 120 multiple choice (all lectures after 13 February to the last lecture of the course inclusive)
-4 short answer Questions (15 points each) (all lectures for course)
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Lecture 3
INGESTION/DIGESTION/ABSORPTION/TRANSPORT/METABOLISM/EXCRETION
12 JAN. 2015
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Overview of lecture 3
1) INGESTION2) DIGESTION3) ABSORPTION4) TRANSPORT5) METABOLISM6) EXCRETION7) REGULATION OF IDATME
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INGESTION
•mouth- chewing and swallowing
•oral or nasal tube
•intravenous
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DIGESTION-process by which food is broken down into absorbable units
-muscular action of digestion-peristalsis-stomach action-churning-segmentation –small intestine-sphincters-opening and closing valves
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0
-secretions of digestion
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Fig. 3-1, p. 71
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DIGESTIVE GLANDS AND THEIR SECRETIONS (ENZYMES)
-saliva-gastric – water, HCl and pepsin-proteins-pancreatic juice/intestinal enzymes
carbohydraseslipasesproteases
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file:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Digestive_Sandwich/0308.html
Link only available in class
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ABSORPTIONI) DEFINE-passage of nutrients from gi tract into blood or lymph
A) simple diffusion-water, small lipids/fat soluble vitamins
B) facilitated diffusion-fructose/water soluble vitamins
C) active transport-glucose/amino acids do not confuse simple and facilitated diffusion or active transport with the transport discussed below
II) ANATOMY-goblet cells/crypts/villi and microvilli
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Fig. 3-10, p. 79
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TRANSPORT
defined
getting nutrients, via blood orlymphatic systems, to where needed, when needed, in the form needed and in the correct quantities needed.
WWFQ
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ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT
TWO ROUTES
-BLOOD AND LYMPH
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ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT BLOOD ROUTE
Heart to artery to capillaries (intestine) to vein to capillaries (liver)-in liver get detoxification and preparation of nutrients for body use-vein to heart from liver for distribution to the rest of the body .
water soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion go this route
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ANATOMY OF TRANSPORT LYMPH ROUTE
Lymph (tissue spaces to blood) intestine to heart directly for distribution to rest of body-larger fat digestion
products and fat soluble vitamins ADEK use this route
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file:///D:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Vascular_System/311.html
Link only available in class
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METABOLISM
collection of all the reactions and their regulation that go on in the body
constant anabolism and catabolism
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METABOLISM
ANABOLISM – BUILDING UP eg -amino acids to protein into muscle
-glucose into glycogen-(carbohydrate storage)
-fatty acids into triglycerides (fat storage)
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METABOLISM
CATABOLISM- TEARING DOWN
eg -muscle to protein to amino acids
-carbohydrate (glycogen into glucose)
-triglycerides into fatty acids
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METABOLISM
ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM
-assisted by vitamins, minerals
-water used in some catabolic reactions to split molecules
-water formed by catabolism sometimes
-water formed in some anabolic reactions
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Fig. 10-13, p. 347
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Fig. 10-13, p. 347
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Fig. 10-13, p. 347
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Excretion-in whole or as a metabolite
-urine-protein (urea), minerals, water, carbohydrate, vitamins
-feces-carbohydrates, lipid, vitamins, protein,water, minerals
-sweat-minerals,water-saliva?-minerals?, carbohydrates?,
lipids?, protein?, water?, vitamins?
-breathing-O2 and CO2
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REGULATION OF IDATME-all hinges on homeostasis- define-
-maintenance of constant internal conditions
-can be disrupted by physical immaturity, aging, illness, nutrition
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REGULATION OF IDATME
INGESTION
FOOD INTO BODY- demanded by hunger signals (really metabolic signals) indicating dropping supplies of nutrients
INGESTION REGULATION LEADS TO DIGESTION REGULATION
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REGULATION OF IDATME
DIGESTION
-e.g. stomach pH homeostasis – pH 1.5
hormonal/neuronal regulation- -important for digestion
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REGULATION OF IDATME
Digestion regulation continued Pyloric sphincter
hold food ready for duodenum duodenum has pH sensors -too acid-close pyloric sphincter
and bicarbonate added to chymemaking chyme neutral and thenpyloric sphincter opens again
why? -pH important for enzyme function
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Fig. 3-1, p. 71
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REGULATION OF IDATME
Digestion regulation continued
-hormonal regulation of 3 types of enzymes- type and amount of enzymesfrom pancreas
-bile-fat emulsion-amount under hormonal regulation
-fat slows peristalsis-hormonal
-also neuronal regulation of peristalsis
-digestion regulation leads to absorption regulation
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REGULATION OF IDATME
Absorption (transport across the small intestine into blood or lymph)
-simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
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REGULATION OF IDATME
ABSORPTION-simple - move with concentration gradient
(regulation- high in small intestine and low on other side) – e.g. water and small lipids go across this way
-facilitated - move with concentration gradient- high in small intestine and low on
other side-presence of carrier (regulation -amount and activity
of carrier)- e.g. fructose and water soluble vitamins go across this way.
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REGULATION OF IDATME
ABSORPTION continued -active - move against a concentration gradient
low in small intestine and high on other side - a carrier and energy required (regulation-amount and activity of carrier and
sufficient energy) -e.g. calcium, amino acids and glucose go across
this way.
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REGULATION OF IDATME
ABSORPTION REGULATION LEADS TO TRANSPORT REGULATION
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REGULATION OF IDATME
Metabolism -enzymes run the show -enzymes in humans are proteins
(always) that allow reactions to go faster than they would without the enzymes
-supply of and demand for metabolic products control enzymatic rates
-high demand with low supply leads to faster enzymatic rates
-low demand with high supply leads to slower enzymatic rates
-metabolism regulation leads to excretion regulation
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REGULATION OF IDATME
EXCRETION
-dumping of metabolic waste products -primarily done by liver and kidneys and intestine
ultimately regulates ingestion since retention of metabolic waste products variously upsets metabolism and may make one feel bloated ornauseous with possible vomiting
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Regulation of IDATME• ingestion regulates digestion• digestion regulates absorption• absorption regulates transport• transport regulates metabolism• metabolism regulates excretion• excretion regulates ingestion
So we have now gone full circle
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Summary of lecture 31) INGESTION2) DIGESTION3) ABSORPTION4) TRANSPORT5) METABOLISM6) EXCRETION7) REGULATION OF IDATME
•NEXT LECTURE - 14 JANUARY- Canada’s food guide and DRIs, Food labelsSix dietary principles, Physical activity guidelines