Download - Plant Reliability
Larry JumpJDSU Field Applications Engineer814 692 [email protected] 866 228 3762 Opt. 3 / 2
Plant Reliability
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION2
Agenda 3 major areas of concern
Coax Fiber Inside plant
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION3
Purpose
To provide better service to our customers in light of competition– Maintain plant instead of reacting to problems– Be alerted to issues before the customer notices– Maintain reliability for essential services
To increase revenues
The outside plant
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION5
• Less manpower needed
• Sweeping can does reduce the number of service calls
VOD not working
Internet not workingChannel 12 video
problemsCracked hardline found with SWEEP
WHY SWEEP?
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION6
WHY SWEEP?
Loose Face Plate
No Termination
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Sweep vs. Signal Level Meter Measurements
References: Sweep systems allow a reference to be stored eliminating the effect of headend level error or headend level drift.
Sweep Segments: Referenced sweep makes it possible to divide the HFC plant into network sections and test its performance against individual specifications.
Non-Invasive: Sweep systems can measure in unused frequencies. This is most important during construction and system overbuilding.
BEST Solution to align: Sweep systems are more accurate, faster and easier to interpret than measuring individual carriers.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION8
Frequency Response Definition
System’s ability properly to transmit signals from headend to subscriber and back throughout the designed frequency range
Expected Results (Traditionally): n/10 + x = max flatness variation
• where n = number of amplifiers in cascade• where x = best case flatness figure (supplied by
manufacturer)
Expected Results in current HFC Networks: Typically < 3 to 4 dB max flatness variation anywhere in the network (check with your Manager for max flatness variation limits)
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION9
Forward Path Considerations
Diverging System Constant Outputs Channel Plan to Match Fixed
Signals–video / audio / digital carriers
Sweep Telemetry Carriers, 1MHz wide
System Noise– is the sum of cascaded amplifiers
Balance or Align (Sweep)–compensate for losses before the amp
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Sweep Reference Considerations
Typically the node is used for the reference
Use test probe designed for node/amp It’s a good engineering practice to store
a new reference each day Establish reference points to simplify
ongoing maintenance (sweep file overlay)
Need to know amps hidden losses in return path (Block diagrams / Schematics)
Need to know where to inject sweep pulses and the recommended injection levels
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION11
Unity Gain in the forward path
R
H
LR
Each amplifier compensates for the loss in the cable and passives before the amplifier under test. The system is aligned so that the levels at each greenarrow are exactly the same.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION12
Why do we need Unity Gain?
22 22 22 22
32/26 31/25 30/24 29/23
23 23 23
If Unity Gain is not observed distortions and or noise build
up quickly!
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Forward Sweep Display
Markers
Max/Min
ReferenceName
dB/div
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A Sweep Finds Problems That Signal Level Measurements Miss
Standing Waves
Roll off at band edges
Misalignment
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Sweeping Reverse Path Goals
The objective in reverse path alignment is to maintain unity gain with constant inputs and minimize noise and ingress.
Set all optical receivers in the headend to same output level and ideally the same noise floor to optimize C/N ratio.– The reverse path noise is the summation of all
noise from all the amplifiers in the reverse path.
Adjust sweep response to match 0dB flat line Sweep reference and 0dBmV Telemetry level
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION16
Before reverse sweeping begins….
Optimize the upstream node Splitting, combining and padding considerations in
the headend.
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Return Optics We discuss this first because it has the greater impact on
the MER at the CMTS input because it has the lowest dynamic range
Optimized by measuring NPR at the input to the CMTS by injecting different total power at the input to laser.
Carriers should be derated according to bandwidth using power per hertz.
Not part of the unity gain portion of the HFC plant. Set up is laser and node specific
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION18
NPR Measurement Measured by injecting a wideband noise source with a notch filter at
the input. Then measuring essentially the noise to the notch at the output.
Measured as 10 log Power/hz of the signal/Power/hz of the notch noise
The lower the signal the lower the CNR, the higher the signal, the more distortion.
Input starts low and then raised in 1 dB steps
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Power per Hertz Calculation
Power per Hertz dBmV/Hz = Total Power – 10 Log (BW) dBmV/HZ = 45 – 10 Log (37,000,000) dBmV/ Hz = 45 – 10 (7.57) dBmV/ Hz = 45 – 75.7 dBmV/ Hz = -29.3
Total Power Input for 6.4 MHz 64 QAM
dBmV = -29.3 + 10 Log (BW)dBmV = -29.3 + 10 Log (6,400,000)dBmV = -29.3 + 10 (6.8)dBmV = -29.3 + 68dBmV = 38.7
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION20
REVERSE LEVEL
All signal levels must be set to same output level at the optical receiver in the headend or hubsite with the same input at the node.
Rev
erse
Com
bine
rOpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
20 dBmV 20 dBmV
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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light
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space +/-
1 2 3
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0x
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FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEP
SPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
System Sweep Receiver Model 3SR
LEVEL TIL T SCAN SWEE P
C/N HUM MOD SPECT
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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space +/-
1 2 3
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0x
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Pad for0 dBmV
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION21
REVERSE LEVEL
All signal levels must be set to same output level at the optical receiver in the headend or hubsite with the same input at the node.
Rev
erse
Com
bine
rOpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
20 dBmV
20 dBmV 20 dBmV
20 dBmV
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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space +/-
1 2 3
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FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEP
SPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
System Sweep Receiver Model 3SR
LEVEL TIL T SCAN SWEE P
C/N HUM MOD SPECT
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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space +/-
1 2 3
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Pad for0 dBmV
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION22
All signal levels must be set to same output level at the optical receiver in the headend or hubsite with the same input at the node.
Rev
erse
Com
bine
rOpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV 20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
abc def ghi
jkl mno pqr
stu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0x
.
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEP
SPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
System Sweep Receiver Model 3SR
LEVEL TIL T SCAN SWEE P
C/N HUM MOD SPECT
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
abc def ghi
jk l mno pqr
stu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0x
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Pad for0 dBmV
REVERSE LEVEL
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION23
All signal levels must be set to same output level at the optical receiver in the headend or hubsite with the same input at the node.
Rev
erse
Com
bine
rOpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV 20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
20 dBmV
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
abc def ghi
jkl mno pqr
stu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0x
.
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEP
SPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
System Sweep Receiver Model 3SR
LEVEL TIL T SCAN SWEE P
C/N HUM MOD SPECT
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
abc def ghi
jk l mno pqr
stu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0x
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Pad for0 dBmV
REVERSE LEVEL
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION24
REVERSE NOISER
ever
seC
ombi
ner
Noise -35 dBmV
Noise -35 dBmV
Noise -35 dBmV
Noise -35 dBmV
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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space +/-
1 2 3
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FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEPSPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
OpticalReceiver
NODE
NODE
NODE
NODE
Ideally all combined nodes should have same noise floor to maximize C/N ratio.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION25
Headend combining and splitting
Set top converter
PathTrak
CMTS
Other Return Services
FREQCHANENTERFCNCLEAR
helpstatusalphalight
abc def ghijkl mno pqrstu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 34 5 67 8 9
0 x.
FILEAUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVELC/N HUM MOD
SWEEPSPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION26
Return Sweep considerations Instead of point to multipoint, the system is multipoint to
point Unity gain at the inputs to the amplifiers Telemetry carriers upstream and downstream Noise and ingress are additive from the entire node. One
bad drop can take down the entire node. Channel Plan to match bursty digital signals. No
sweep points on upstream carriers Return Sweep compensates for losses after the amp Set telemetry carrier level and sweep level to the
same thing.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION27
Advantages of return sweep over the older methods
Not as labor intensive as the older methods. Align forward and reverse with the same stop
at the amplifier No cumbersome equipment in the field or the
headend Minimum use of bandwidth for test equipment Control over the measurements We are aligning the entire spectrum in both
directions, not just 2 carriers!
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION28
5 things you need to know to set up your return path correctly Know your equipment
– Block diagrams of amplifiers, nodes, receivers, etc.– Test Equipment
Determine reverse sweep input levels Determine reference points Optimize return lasers portion first Sweep coaxial portion of the plant
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION29
Typical Node RF Block Diagram
STATIONFWDEQ
FWDPAD
LOW PASSFILTER
HL
REVSwitch
DiplexFilter
PORT 4
Port 4Output
TP
H
L
REVSwitch
DiplexFilter
PORT 5
Port 5Output
TP
H
L
REVSwitch
DiplexFilter
PORT 6
Port 6Output
TP
H
L
REVSwitch
DiplexFilter
PORT 3
Port 3Output
TP
Fwd Signal from
OpticalRcvr.
Return Signal to Optical
Transmitter
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION30
(1) Test Points are Bi-DirectionalNotes: ALL test points can be -20 or -25dB
ALC PINDIODEATTEN
Interstage
EQ
Pre-Amplifier
Plug-InEQ
Plug-InPAD
HighPass
Filter
Diplex
FilterH
L
IGC
MainAmplifier
ReverseAmplifierPlug-In
EQPlug-In
PADLow Pass
Filter ALC Circuit
BridgerAmplifier
ACPowe
r
RF/ACFilter
RF
AC
Diplex
FilterH
L
ACPowe
r
RF/ACFilter
RF
AC
ACPowe
r
RF/ACFilter
RF
AC
AuxEQ
BridgerAmplifier
ACPowe
r
RF/ACFilter
RF
AC
Diplex
FilterH
L
ACPowe
r
RF/ACFilter
RF
AC
REVPAD
REVPAD
TRANSPONDERRF INTERFECE BRIDGER
RF TEST
REVERSERF TEST
STATION
STATION
PORT 1
PORT 5PORT 2
PORT 3PORT 6
Plug-InEQ
Plug-InPAD
BRIDGE
(1)
(1)(1)
(1)(1)
Typical RF Bridging Amplifier Block Diagram
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Know your test equipment
Different test equipment operates differently.
Size Matters!
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION32
How is a reference level determined?
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L 23
From trunk return
52 dBmv max modem output23db tap
2 dB drop loss7 dB directional coupler
20dBmV at the reference pointDoes your system use this as the reference point?
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION33
ALIGNING THE RETURN PATH
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION34
Constant outputs in the return path?
Return Equip.
R
H
LR
If the return amplifiers were balanced with constant outputs, the levels would vary widely by the time they got back to the headend. This is due to return amplifiers having several inputs.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION35
How does reverse sweep work?
Return Equip.
R
H
LR
RF in
RF out
The field unit initiates the sweep through the return path at the reference level.
1.
The headend unit receives the sweep from the field unit, digitizes it’s own trace, and sends out on a forward telemetry pilot.
2.
The DSAM receives data from thetransmitter and displays sweepfrom the headend unit
3.
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
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light
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space +/-
1 2 3
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0x
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FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEPSPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION36
Normalizing or Storing a Sweep Reference, reverse
Return Equip.
R
H
LR
RF in
RF out 1. Inject correct input sweep level2. Check for adjust raw sweep level3. Store reference file
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
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jkl mno pqr
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space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
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0x
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FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEPSPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION37
Continuing On
Return Equip.
R
H
LR
RF in
RF out 1. Inject correct input sweep level2. Use the reverse sweep reference to compare and
adjust amplifier output levels
FREQ
CHAN
ENTER
FCNCLEAR
help
status
alpha
light
abc def ghi
jkl mno pqr
stu vwx yz
space +/-
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0x
.
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
TILT SCANLEVEL
C/N HUM MOD
SWEEPSPECT
System Sweep Transmitter 3SRSystem Sweep Transmitter 3SR Stealth SweepStealth Sweep
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION38
Reverse Sweep Display
Markers
Start Frequency
Stop Frequency
Marker Frequencies
Marker Relative Levels
Scale Factor
Max Variation within Frequency Range
Fiber Optics
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AfterBefore
Loose Fiber Connector :A display an RF guy can understand
SC connector not pushed in all the way
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9125250
Cross section of an Single Mode optical fiber
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Refraction
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n = c / v
n = refractive indexc = velocity of light in a vacuumv = velocity of light in glass
IOR = Index of Refraction
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Reflection
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Light in an optical fiber – Total Internal Reflection
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION46
Bending
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Common Connector Types
SC Commonly referred to as Sam Charlie
FC Commonly referred to as Frank Charlie
ST Commonly referred to as Sam Tom
LC Commonly referred to as Lima Charlie
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Connector ConfigurationsPC or UPS vs APC
SC - PC
SC - APC
Inspect Before You Connectsm
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Focused On the Connection
Bulkhead Adapter
Fiber Connector
Alignment Sleeve
Alignment Sleeve
Physical Contact
FiberFerrule
Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION53
What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?
Perfect Core Alignment Physical Contact Pristine Connector
Interface
The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber optic connection are “The 3 P’s”:
Core
Cladding
CLEAN
Light Transmitted
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION54
What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?
A single particle mated into the core of a fiber can cause significant back reflection, insertion loss and even equipment damage.
Visual inspection of fiber optic connectors is the only way to determine if they are truly clean before mating them.
CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical networks.
DIRT
Core
Cladding
Back Reflection Insertion LossLight
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION55
Illustration of Particle Migration
Each time the connectors are mated, particles around the core are displaced, causing them to migrate and spread across the fiber surface.
Particles larger than 5µ usually explode and multiply upon mating. Large particles can create barriers (“air gap”) that prevent physical contact. Particles less than 5µ tend to embed into the fiber surface creating pits and chips.
11.8µ
15.1µ
10.3µ
Actual fiber end face images of particle migration
Core
Cladding
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION56
Types of Contamination
A fiber end-face should be free of any contamination or defects, as shown below:
Common types of contamination and defects include the following:
Dirt Oil Pits & Chips Scratches
Simplex Ribbon
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION57
Contamination and Signal Performance
Fiber Contamination and Its Affect on Signal PerformanceCLEAN CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -67.5 dBTotal Loss = 0.250 dB
1
DIRTY CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -32.5 dBTotal Loss = 4.87 dB
3
Clean Connection vs. Dirty ConnectionThis OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal performance when dirty connectors are mated.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION58
Test!
Basic Tests– Visual Fault Locator (VFL)– Optical Insertion Loss– Optical Power Levels
Advanced Tests– Optical Return Loss (ORL)– Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)– Chromatic Dispersion (CD)– Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)– Optical Spectral Analysis (OSA)
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION59
Visual Fault Locator
VFLs provide a visible red light source useful for identifying fiber locations, detecting faults due to bending or poor connectorization, and to confirming continuity.
VFL sources can be modulated in a number of formats to help identify the correct VFL (where a number of VFL tests may be performed).
FFL-050 FFL-100
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION60
Advanced Tests
Optical Return Loss (ORL) Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
– Detect, locate, and measure events at any location on the fiber link Fiber Characterization
– Determines the services that the fiber can be carry– Basic tests plus:
• Chromatic Dispersion (CD)• Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Optical Spectrum Analysis (OSA)– Spectral analysis for Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
systems
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION61
Introduction to OTDR
It’s the single most important tester used in the installation, maintenance & troubleshooting of fiber plant
T-BERD 4000 FTTx / Access OTDR Most versatile of Fiber Test Tools Detect, locate and measure events at any location on the fiber link Identifies events & impairments (splices, bends, connectors, breaks) Provides physical distance to each event/ impairment Measures fiber attenuation loss of each event or impairment Provides reflectance / return loss values for each reflective event or impairment Manages the data collected and supports data reporting.
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Background on Fiber Phenomena
OTDR depends on two types of phenomena:- Rayleigh scattering - Fresnel reflections.
Rayleigh scattering and backscattering effect in a fiber
Light reflection phenomenon = Fresnel reflection
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How does it work ?
The OTDR injects a short pulse of light into one end of the fiber and analyzes the backscatter and reflected signal coming back
The received signal is then plotted into a backscatter X/Y display in dB vs. distance Event analysis is then performed in order to populate the table of results.
OTDR Block Diagram Example of an OTDR trace
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Dynamic Range & Injection Level
Dynamic Range determines the observable length of the fiber & depends on the OTDR design and settings
Injection level is the power level in which the OTDR injects light into the fiber under test
Poor launch conditions, resulting in low injection levels, are the primary reason for reductions in dynamic range, and therefore accuracy of the measurements Effect of pulse width: the bigger the pulse, the more backscatter we receive
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What does an OTDR Measure ?
Distance– The OTDR measurement is based on “Time”:
The round trip time travel of each pulse sent down the fiber is measured. Knowing the speed of light in a vacuum and the index of refraction of the fiber glass, distance can then be calculated.
Fiber distance = Speed of light (vacuum) X time 2 x IOR
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What does an OTDR Measure ?
Attenuation (also called fiber loss)Expressed in dB or dB/km, this represents the loss, or rate of loss between two events along a fiber span
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What does an OTDR Measure ?
Event LossDifference in optical power level before and after an event, expressed in dB
Fusion Splice or Macrobend
Connector orMechanical Splice
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ReflectanceRatio of reflected power to incident power of an event, expressed as a negative dB value
The higher the reflectance, the more light reflected back, the worse the connection
A -50dB reflectance is better than -20dB value
What does an OTDR Measure ?
Typical reflectance values Polished Connector ~ -45dB Ultra-Polished Connector ~ -55dB Angled Polished Connector ~ -65dB
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION70
What does an OTDR Measure ?
Optical Return Loss (ORL)Measure of the amount of light that is reflected back from a feature: forward power to the reflected power. The bigger the number in dBs the less light is being reflected.
The OTDR is able to measure not only the total ORL of the link but also section ORL
Distance (km)
Att
enua
tion
(dB
)
ORL of the defined section
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION71
Optical Return Loss (ORL)
Light reflected back to the source
PT: Output power of the light source
PAPC: Back-reflected power of APC connector
PPC: Back-reflected power of PC connector
PF: Backscattered power of fiber
PB: Total amount of back-reflected power
ORL (dB) = 10Log > 0)(B
T
PP
PAPC PPC PAPC PAPC
PT
PF PF PF
Light Source
Photo-diode
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION72
Effects of High ORL Values
All laser sources, especially distributed feedback lasers, are sensitive to optical reflection, which causes spectral fluctuation and, subsequently, power jitter. Return loss is a measure of the amount of reflection accruing in an optical system. A -45dB reflection is equivalent to 45dB return loss (ORL). A minimum of 45-50dB return loss is the industry standard for passive components to ensure normal system operation in singlemode fiber systems.
Increase in transmitter noise– Reducing the OSNR in analog video transmission– Increasing the BER in digital transmission systems
Increase in light source interference – Changes central wavelength and output power
Higher incidence of transmitter damage The angle reduces the back-reflection of the connection.
SC - PC
SC - APC
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION73
OCWR method
Optical Return Loss
Ratio between the transmitted power and the received power at the fiber origin
2 different test methods:– Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometry (OCWR): A laser source
and a power meter, using the same test port, are connected to the fiber under test.
– Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)
OTDR method
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION74
Accuracy (typ.) ± 0.5dB
Typical Application
- Total link ORL & isolated event reflectance measurements during fiber installation & commissioning
Strengths - Accuracy- Fast & real time info- Simple & easy results (direct value)
Weaknesses - No localization
Proc
ess
Con
trol
ler
Dis
play
Coupler
Photodetector
Pulsed Light Source
Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
ORL Measurement Methods
Termination Plug
Proc
ess
Con
trol
ler
Dis
play
CW Stabilized Light Source
Power Meter
Coupler
Accuracy (typ.) ± 2dB
Typical Application
- Perfect tool for troubleshooting- Spatial characterization of reflective events & estimation of the partial & total ORL
Strengths - Locate reflective events- Single-end measurement
Weaknesses - Accuracy- Long acquisition time
OTDR EventsHow to interpret a trace
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION76
How to interpret an OTDR Trace
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION77
Front End Reflection
Connection between the OTDR and the patchcord or launch cable
Located at the extreme left edge of the trace
Reflectance: Polished Connector ~ -45dB Ultra-Polished Connector ~ -55dB Angled Polished Connector up to ~ -65dB
Insertion Loss: Unable to measure
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION78
Dead Zones
Attenuation Dead Zone (ADZ) is the minimum distance after a reflective event that a non-reflective event can be measured (0.5dB) In this case the two events are more closely spaced than the ADZ, and shown as one event ADZ can be reduced using shorter pulse widths
Event Dead Zone (EDZ) is the minimum distance where 2 consecutive unsaturated reflective events can be distinguished In this case the two events are more closely spaced than the EDZ, and shown as one event EDZ can be reduced using shorter pulse widths
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION79
Connector
A connector mechanically mates 2 fibers together and creates a reflective event
Reflectance: Polished Connector ~ -45dB Ultra-Polished Connector ~ -55dB Angled Polished Connector up to ~ -65dB
Insertion Loss: ~ 0.5dB (loss of ~0.2dB w/ very good connector)
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION80
Fusion Splices
A Fusion Splice thermally fuses two fibers together using a splicing machine
Reflectance: None
Insertion Loss: < 0.1dB
A “Gainer” is a splice gain that appears when two fibers of different backscatter coefficients are spliced together (the higher coefficient being downstream)
Reflectance: None
Insertion Loss: Small gain
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Fusion Splices
Direction A-B Direction B-A
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION82
Macrobend
Macrobending results from physical bending of the fiber. Bending Losses are higher as wavelength increases. Therefore to distinguish a bend from a splice, two wavelengths are used (typically 1310 & 1550nm)
Reflectance: None
Insertion Loss: Varies w/ degree of bend & wavelength
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION83
Mechanical Splice
A Mechanical Splice mechanically aligns two fibers together using a self-contained assembly.
Reflectance: ~ -35dB
Insertion Loss: ~ 0.5dB
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION84
Fiber End or Break
A Fiber End or Break occurs when the fiber terminates.
The end reflection depends on the fiber end cleavage and its environment.
Reflectance: PC open to air ~ -14dB APC open to air ~ - 35dB
Insertion Loss: High (generally)
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION85
Ghosts
A Ghost is an unexpected event resulting from a strong reflection causing “echos” on the trace
When it appears it often occurs after the fiber end.
It is always an exact duplicate distance from the incident reflection.
Reflectance: Lower than echo source
Insertion Loss: None
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION86
Typical Attenuation Values
0.2 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1550 nm 0.35 dB/km for singlemode fiber at 1310 nm 1 dB/km for multimode fiber at 1300 nm 3 dB/km for multimode fiber at 850 nm 0.05 dB for a fusion splice 0.3 dB for a mechanical splice 0.5 dB for a connector pair (FOTP-34) Splitters/monitor points (varys with component)
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION87
Monitoring the Reverse Path Inside Plant
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION88
Major Operational Challenges
Plant Certification and Maintenance:– Elevate plant performance to ensure reliable service – HFC: Sweep & advanced return path certification– Metro Optical: Fiber and transport analysis
Monitor Performance:– Continuously monitor the health of your upstream and downstream carriers– Proactively identify developing problems before customers do– Monitor both physical HFC & VoIP service call quality– Utilize advanced performance trending and analysis to prioritize
Get Installations Right the First Time– Improve installation practices to prevent service callbacks & churn – Verify physical, DOCSIS® and PacketCable performance– Drive consistency across all technicians
Troubleshoot Fast:– When issues occur, find and fix fast– Isolate and segment from NOC, dispatch right tech at right time– Field test tools that can find problems and verify fix
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION89
Return Path Monitoring Benefits
Troubleshoot nodes faster to reduce MTTR and increase workforce efficiency
• Identify impairments before rolling a truck using both spectrum and packet monitoring technology
• Use field meters to quickly locate ingress, the most common impairment
• View performance history to understand transient problems to roll a truck at the right time to find and fix the issue
Reduce trouble tickets and customer churn by identifying problems before your subscribers
• Rank nodes using convenient web-based reports for proactive maintenance
• Easily and quickly detect impairments such as fast impulse noise, ingress, CPD, and laser clipping on all nodes 24/7
• View live spectrum, QAMTrak™ analyzers and a wide array of reports conveniently via the web
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION90
DOCSIS® 3.0 adds Capability to Bond up to 4 Upstream 64QAM Carriers!
Four times 6.4 MHz = 25.6 MHz! (without guard-bands)
Increased chances for laser clipping Increased probability of problems caused by
ingress, group delay, micro-reflections and other linear distortions
Inability to avoid problem frequencies such as Citizens’ Band, Ham, Shortwave and CPD distortion beats
Where are you going to place your sweep points?
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION91
Live Spectrum Display
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION92
Choose a carrier for QAMTrak
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION93
Getting To Know The QAMTrak Analyzer
QAMTrak Sections•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts•FFT Spectrum Display•Constellation•Strip Chart•Data Tables•Control/Information Bar
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION94
QAMTrak Analyzer: Primary Sections
•Impairment Dashboard
Display in simple red light / green light format which impairments have violated admin-defined thresholds and what % of packets affected by each (rollup status)
Shows min/max/average for health metrics and impairments Provides single-click launch points to detailed charts for each impairment type
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION95
Impairment Dashboard – Two Main Sections
Top three boxes indicate HFC health– Is data corruption occurring within packets being demodulated?– How tight are the constellation points before CMTS
compensation – How well is the CMTS likely able to compensate for impairments
present
Bottom six boxes indicate how frequently each impairment type is occurring– How often does a packet come across which violates threshold?– What is min/max/average for each impairment type?– Which impairment(s) are my biggest problem right now?
Clicking any button will launch a maximized impairment chart window within the QAMTrak Analyzer
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION96
Impairment Dashboard – General Interpretation
Impairment/Health Metric LabelRollup CounterPercent of packets since start of QAMTrak session which have violated admin defined threshold for that impairment or metric
Latest ValueValue for last packet demodulated or current packet highlighted for historical packet analysis
Min/Max/AverageMinimum, Maximum, Average values for all packets captured during current QAMTrak session or since last reset
Caveats:Only the latest 600 packets are displayed on strip chart and in tables
Min/Max/Average and Rollup Counter can reflect packets which are not visible in strip chart of tables for sessions with >600 packets captured!
Latest StatusPass/Fail status for last packet demodulated or current packet highlighted for historical packet analysis
( or )
Session Status (Background Color)Indicates whether impairment threshold has been violated during session
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION97
Primary Impairments
•Impairment Dashboard
Provides detailed display for five primary impairment types plus codeword error strip chart – supplement Impairment Dashboard
Charts update for each packet in live mode or historical packet review mode Y-Axes can be manually rescaled or auto-scaled, charts can be resized, many
other options available through Flash interface
•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION98
Primary Measurements
Provides Spectrum Analyzer display without opening a separate window FFT-based spectrum analyzer – will look different than standard PathTrak
SA Display will show what spectrum looked like at time of packet capture
when reviewing captured packets in paused mode
•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts•FFT Spectrum Display
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION99
Upstream Constellation
Can display Equalized, UnEqualized symbol locations, or both Can show latest packets, all historical packets, or both Displays constellation packet by packet when reviewing historical
packets
•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts•FFT Spectrum Display•Constellation
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100
QAMTrak Analyzer: Primary Sections
Separate chart traces for Equalized MER, Unequalized MER, and Carrier Level (on second Y-Axis)
Detailed packet info available using hover function Can use arrow keys to review historical packets one at a time
•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts•FFT Spectrum Display•Constellation•Strip Chart
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION101
QAMTrak Analyzer: Primary Sections
Users can toggle between strip chart, all-packet data table, and unique MAC data table
Tables are sortable by all rows, can be exported to .csv file Data can be copied from tables to clipboard for pasting into other apps
•Impairment Dashboard•Impairment Charts•FFT Spectrum Display•Constellation•Strip Chart•Data Tables
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION102
PathTrak WebView
CPE MAC Address
Code Word Errors
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION103
PathTrak WebView QAMTrakCPE MAC AddressCodeword Error DetectionEqualized and UnEqualized MERMicro-reflections In Band Response – RippleGroup Delay Ingress Under the Carrier Impulse Noise Detection
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION104
DOCSIS Downstream Codewords
122 of each RS codeword’s 128 symbols are data symbols, and the remaining six are parity symbols used for error correction.
–ITU-T J.83, Annex B states that the data is “…encoded using a (128,122) code over GF(128)…” which shows each RS codeword consists of 128 RS symbols (first number in first parentheses) and the number of data symbols per RS codeword is 122 (second number in first parentheses), leaving six symbols per RS codeword for error correction.
DOCSIS downstream RS FEC is configured for what is known as “t = 3,” which means that the FEC can fix up to any three errored RS symbols in a RS codeword.
Downstream Monitoring
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION106
HomeHub/HFC
The Cable Video Network
Master/Super Headend
MPEGHeadendIP Transport
Video Passes Through Four Separate Operational Layers Before it Reaches the Home.
But The MPEG Edge is the most critical layer and poses the most significant risk to video quality.
Outside Plant
CMTS
STB
PhonePC
Modem
DPI
MPEG Mux.
Encryption
Modulation
IP L2/L3Core
Network
Origination and
processing
Transport through the IP network
MPEG edge-processing
RF combining
VOD
Distribution over HFC
Combiner
Inside PlantOff-air Ingest
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION107
The RF edge is home to the most complex equipment in the network
Current monitoring solutions focus on the national backbone and on validating the content when programming first enters the network.
Often QoS issues (like tiling) are introduced by the complicated equipment at the network edge
If you aren’t monitoring at the RF edge, only the subscriber will have visibility to the impairments– You’ve caused these problems, but you don’t see them
Troubleshooting is initiated by a customer complaint and without this “edge” visibility you may spend multiple truck rolls and weeks isolating the source.
CMTS
DPI
MPEG Mux.
Encryption
Modulation
MPEG edge-processing
RF combining
Combiner
Off-air Ingest
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION108
Often QoS issues are introduced by the complicated equipment at the network edge
CMTS
DPI
MPEG Mux.
Encryption
Modulation
MPEG edge-processing
RF combining
Combiner
Off-air Ingest
Local Off-Air Ingest:• Provider issues• Antennas• 8VSB Receivers• Muxes to groom for
regional networks
Program Insertion:• Quality of ad being spiced• PCR Discontinuity• Decoding/Timing of DPI information
Multiplexing:• Streams from regional
networks• Grooming• Transrating• Over-compression• Equipment
configuration
Encryption:• Encryption not-enabled• Equipment configuration
Modulation:• MPEG to RF• Equipment configuration• Oversubscription
RF Combining:• Poor cabling• Poor Isolation• Loose connectors• Driver/Isolation
amp issues
And currently this is the last place you’re monitoring the video?
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION109
You may already have monitoring…
… but your customers are still seeing issues
Outside Plant
CMTS
STB
PhonePC
Modem
DPI
MPEG Mux.
Encryption
Modulation
IP L2/L3Core
Network
VOD Combiner
Inside PlantOff-air Ingest
Content monitoring has traditionally been expensive. Typically deployed only where
content enters the network. Content Monitoring is typically not
deployed at the very edge of the network
That leaves the most vulnerable spot in the network, in the dark
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION110
Detailed MPEG analysis detects the important issues
Video/Audio QoS issues caused by equipment in the headend or local network are transport related and can be identified without performing content analysis– Video freeze result of lost programs or video PIDs– Audio loss as a result of missing audio PIDs
Other frozen/black/no-audio that are the result of content (and not the programs) in almost all cases isn’t anything local system personnel can do anything about.
Content analysis also limited to unencrypted programming – preventing use at edge of the network.
Content analysis is impractical and costly at the edge of the network.
Investment is significantly more effective if focused on transport tools that provide complete visibility and
troubleshooting directly at the edge modulator.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION111
Get complete visibility – “Wrap the Edge”
MVP-200 MVP-200 RSAM
Video Monitoring is a video monitoring solution optimized for the network edge– MVP-200 probe (full line-rate MPEG over GigE)– RSAM probe (Digital video RF, Analog video RF, DOCSIS)– PVM – Simple, lightweight, centralized system to tie it all together.
Outside Plant
CMTS
STB
PhonePC
Modem
DPI
MPEG Mux.
Encryption
Modulation
IP L2/L3Core
Network
Origination and
processing
Transport through the IP network
MPEG edge-processing
RF combining
VOD
Distribution over HFC
Combiner
Inside PlantOff-air Ingest
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION112
Example – Tiling
The RF probe consistently reported Continuity error alarms on a QAM. This clip shows what your Customer experienced
– the impact of these CC errors
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION113
Another Example - Video Freeze
How do you explain this to
your customer??
HLN_13 (27) MVP Trap QAM 28 OUTPUT
Trap Console received trap traps/event.Time: January 6, 2011 6:03:10 AM EST STB: 27 PID ID: -1 PID: -1 PID Type: Event ID: programLost Event Severity: minor From MVP: 10.15.21.24 Card: 2 Source IP: XX.240.203.206:60000 Dest. IP: XXX.48.81.115:28115
HLN_13 (27) MVP Trap QAM 28 OUTPUT
Trap Console received trap traps/event.Time: January 6, 2011 6:03:17 AM EST STB: 27 PID ID: -1 PID: -1 PID Type: Event ID: programLost Event Severity: major From MVP: 10.15.21.24 Card: 2 Source IP: XX.240.203.206:60000 Dest. IP: XXX.48.81.115:28115
HLN_13 (27) MVP Trap QAM 28 OUTPUT
Trap Console received trap traps/event.Time: January 6, 2011 6:03:21 AM EST STB: 27 PID ID: -1 PID: -1 PID Type: Event ID: programLost Event Severity: clear From MVP: 10.15.21.24 Card: 2 Source IP: XX.240.203.206:60000 Dest. IP: XXX.48.81.115:28115
Event Starts - MinorContinues - Major
Ends - Clear
Below are the alarms generated for the above event from the MVP:
Click on video to play
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION114
Knowing is only half the battle…
Monitoring tells you when you have a problem.– To isolate the problem source, the
ops staff needs troubleshooting tools as well.
Remote access via PVM gives service level visibility at the edge of your network, from anywhere.– Critical in digital video, where
problems are intermittent and spurious.
– Critical at the edge, where staff may be hours from the equipment.
JDSU’s monitoring probes are unique in providing integrated real-time analyzers for troubleshooting.
Troubleshoot anytime, anywhere.
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION115
Video Monitoring Application
Identify and segment problems using intuitive displays– RF or MPEG?– Outside plan, headend or source issue– Widespread or localized?– Intermittent or persistent problem?
Find root-cause with advanced troubleshooting– Click an event or status bar to get a live display– Capture transport streams to share with your network equipment
suppliers– View table decodes to understand impairments
Access Historical PM Reports– NetComplete– Per Program, Per Node
– Worst Offenders– Key Performance Indicators
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION116
Network Management System Integration
SNMP and XML API:– Designed to be flexible and easily integrated
Per Program and Per Stream, real-time data– Real-time per program status to one system view
© 2011 JDSU. All rights reserved. JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION117
Why Video Monitoring? Solve real problems today
– Optimized for an operations staff• Real-time alarming direct to local staff• Complete RF component for analog, digital and DOCSIS
– Cost-Efficient• Fraction of the cost of conventional content monitoring
– Proximity to the Edge• Monitor right at hand-off to access
network, visibility for entire digital network
– Isolate problem sources• Integrated remote analyzers at IP
and RF
Thank You