Download - Plant Propagation
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Plant Propagation
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Plant Propagation
• The process of increasing the numbers of a species, maintaining a species, or preserving the vigor of a plant.
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Successful Plant Propagation
• Knowledge of technical skills– The art of plant propagation
• Knowledge of plant biology– Morphology, anatomy, physiology, etc.
• Knowledge of plants– Selected method related to conditions and
techniques to propagate an individual plant
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Plant Propagation
• Sexual Propagation– Recombination of genetic materials to form
uniquely genetic individual• Asexual Propagation– Use of vegetative organs to create plantlets
genetically identical to parent plant
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Sexual Propagation
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Propagation by Seed
• Biology– Pollination– Anatomy– Germination
• Applied– Purchasing– Starting– Transplanting– Collecting– Storing
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Pollination
• Pollination: transfer of pollen from anther (male part) to stigma (female part) in a flower.– Exchange of genetic material
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Pollination
• Self pollination: – Transfer on same flower – From different flowers on the same plant o– From flowers on different plants of the same
cultivar– Examples: Beans, peas, lettuce, eggplant, peppers,
and tomatoes
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Pollination
• Cross pollination: – Transfer of pollen on plants of different cultivars of
the same species– Examples: Onions, cucumbers, corn, pumpkins,
squash, broccoli, beets, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, melons, radishes, spinach, Swiss chard and turnips
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Pollination
• Fertilization – the union of a male reproductive cell and a female
reproductive cell that is capable of developing into an new individual
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Anatomy
• Embryo: miniature plant in arrested development
• Endosperm (Cotyledons): built-in food storage• Seed Coat: hard out covering for protection,
prevents water from entering and initiating germination before proper time.
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Anatomy
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Embryo
Endosperm
Seed Coat
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Germination
• The process of seed growth and development
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Germination
• Dormancy– Viable seed that will not germinate when in
proper environment– Due to internal or external cause
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Germination
• Quiescent– Ripened seed, ready to germinate, waiting for the
proper environmental conditions for germinations– Allows seed to survive over periods of time
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Germination
• Scarification– Physically altering the seed coat to allow moisture
penetration– Natural scarification processes: passing seed
through GI tract of animals, weathering of coat– Artificial scarification processes: hot water bath,
sandpaper, etc. – Breaks seed coat allowing moisture to enter!
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Germination
• Stratification– Exposing a seed to moisture and specific
temperatures (cold) in order to encourage germination
– Degrades chemical inhibitors causing dormancy
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Germination
• Factors affecting germination– Water (moisture)– Light (or dark)– Oxygen– Heat
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Germination
• Water (moisture)– Penetrates seed coat---Imbibition– Endosperm swells- seed coat splits– Dissolves nutrients to initiate germination
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Germination
• Light (or dark)– Can stimulate or inhibit germination– Check seed package for planting instructions
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Germination
• Oxygen– Required for respiration– Facilitated with light, well aerated soil mix
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Germination
• Heat– Optimum range for germination– Many seeds have wide range– Check catalog or seed package for instructions– Drives metabolic process
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Propagation by Seed
• Biology– Pollination– Anatomy– Germination
• Applied– Purchasing– Starting– Transplanting– Collecting– Storing
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Purchasing Seed
• Choose superior cultivars
• High quality seed– Disease resistant
cultivars when available
• Garden centers• Mail order– Obtain by mid-February
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Purchasing Seed
• Germination rates– Expected percentage of seed to germinate– Generally, 65-80% will germinate– 60-75% will grow into useful seedlings– May affect density of planting
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Starting
• Indoors– Small seeds– Long season plants
• Supplies needed– Grow lights– Clean containers (with drainage)– Sterile seed starting medium– Location with proper ventilation and temperature
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Starting
• Growing media– Loose, uniform, fine texture– Mixes labeled for seed starting– Pasteurized (sterile)– May be low in fertility
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Starting
• Containers– Any container will do– Disinfested– Good drainage– Adequate root space
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Starting
• Containers– Compressed peat pellets– Peat pots– Paper pots– Plastic cell packs– Flats
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Starting
• Sowing– Account for seed germination in timing factor and
growing time– 2 weeks to germinate, 6 weeks to transplant date -
8 weeks for full development time. – Sow in mid-March or April depending on plant
species and growing conditions
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Starting
• Fill container to within ¼ inch of the top of the rim with moistened seed-starting medium
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Starting
• Large seeds directly in pots or cell packs– Squash, cucumber, watermelon – 2 per pot– Use pencil or dibble to make hole for seeds– Cover with media related to seed size
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Starting
• Small seeds scatter on surface of large cell packs or other containers for later transplant– Sprinkle more potting media over seeds or
sphagnum moss (sphagnum moss helps prevent damping off)
– Mix small seeds with sugar or extremely fine sand to help with equal distribution
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Starting
• Watering– Water from below in tray before seeds germinate
and when seedlings are very small– Allow drying between waterings • Helps prevent damping-off
– Standing water in flats leads to disease problems– Don’t allow seedlings to wilt– Cell damage can occur that is permanent
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Starting
• Moisture– Plastic covers are useful to trap moisture– Retains moisture– Remove to promote hardening of tissues
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Starting
• Supplemental lighting– 3” – 4” from light source– Cool white and warm white fluorescent lights– Move lights as plants grow or move plants– 14 – 16 hours a day • Timers are inexpensive and very useful
– High intensity and quality light less leggy plants
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Starting
• Temperature– Nights 60 –68 F and 75 F • Good rule of thumb-day temperatures 10 degrees
warm than night.– Cool season crops cooler day/night temps• 55 degrees night – 65 degrees day
– Warm season crops higher day/night temps• 65 degrees night – 75 degrees day
– Heating mats
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Starting
• Fertilization– After germination– Go ½ rate, avoid burn– Two week intervals
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Starting
• Transplanting– Move to larger container when first set of true
leaves form– Lift seedlings from containers with small flat tool– Tease apart tangled plants/roots– Handle by true leaves