Download - Plant insects 2010_lecture
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Plant Insects - Master Gardener Volunteer Training
Craig Mauney
Extension Agent - Horticulture
Forsyth County Cooperative Extension Service
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Value of Insectspg 6-1
Thrive in more environments
100,000 different species/N. America
1000 different ones in the backyard
Most of the insects are harmless
80% less than 1/4 inch long
Fewer than 3% of insects are considered pests of crops
Millions in dollars lost from insect consumption
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Value of Insectspg 6-1
Aid in production of crops by pollination
Insects damage weeds just as they do crops
Improve the physical condition of the soil by burrowing & droppings as fert.
Insects devour bodies of dead animals & dung
Insects feed on harmful insects
Serve as food source for birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, & others
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Insect Structure – pg 6-1
Adult insects have an exoskeleton, three body regions, three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, and zero to two pairs of wings.
Appendages are often used to classify insects.
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Head – pg 6-2
Includes eyes, antennae, & mouth
Two types of eyes, compound & simple
Eyes of insects sensitive to color and ultraviolet light
Adults have one pair of antennae
Antennae are primarily organs of smell but can be used for: vibration, wind direction and humidity detection
Mouth parts differ considerably in appearance
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Head – pg 6-2
Same basic parts are found in all types of insects
Divided by type of mouth parts
Sucking Chewing Intermediate types
Piercing-sucking: (Hemiptera) true
bugs (Homoptera) aphids,
scales, mealybugs Siphoning: Butterflies & moths Immature more
varied
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Thorax pg 6-2 to 6-3
Made up of three segments - each has a pair of legs
Wings - most adults have them
Venation is different for each species
-ptera means with wings
-aptera means without wings
Legs used for many purposes and vary greatly
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Abdomen – pg 6-3
Abdomen section contains digestive and reproductive organs as well as spiracles
Spiracles - circular openings used for breathing
May have 11-12 segments but hard to distinguish
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Insect Developmentpg 6-3 to 6-4
Distinctive Feature of Insects - Metamorphosis
Gradual Metamorphosis - Insect appearance changes over a period of time; eg. Earwigs,grasshoppers,termites
Complete Metamorphosis - Pass through four distinct stages
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Insect Classification – pg 6-5Several common names - eg. Helicouera zea corn: corn ear worm tomato: tomato fruit worm
Often refer to large groups: beetles & moths
Phylum ............ Arthropoda Class ................. Insecta Order ............... Diptera Family .............. Muscidae Genus .............. Musca Species ............. domestics
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Insect Orders Important to Gardeners – pg 6-6 to 6-11
Order gives access to valuable information:
type of mouth parts how it feeds method of control life cycle timing of control
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Common Non Insect Pests: Arthropods – pg 6-11 to 6-13
Spider mites: small; not discovered till after they damaged plant; sucking mouth parts; foliage, buds, stems, become red, bronze, rust, or yellow
Spiders: most are beneficial predators; 2 poisonous - black widow & brown recluse
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Common Non Insect Pests: Arthropods – pg 6-11 to 6-13
Ticks: parasitic blood feeder of animals and humans
Millipedes: short antennae; eggs in damp places; eat decaying plant matter; sometimes feed on roots; when disturbed curl up and secrete cyanide
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Common Non Insect Pests: Arthropods – pg 6-11 to 6-13
Centipedes: long antennae; flat crossection; 1 pair of legs per segment; beneficial predators of arthropods
Pillbugs & Sowbugs: similar to millipede except 1 pair of legs per segment; damage same as millipedes; live in damp areas; pillbugs roll up - sowbugs don’t
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Identifying Insect Problemspg 6-13 to 6-14
Refer to Extension Agent or send to Plant Disease and Insect Clinic
Indices Keys Pest Calendars Common Mistakes
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Types of Insect Injurypg 6-15 to 6-16
Chewing Insects Piercing-Sucking Internal Feeders Below-ground feeders Egg layers Nesting Insects Transmitting of Plant Diseases Honeydew producers
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Insect Managementpg 6-16 to 6-18
Cultural Control - plants in good health helps them to better withstand and repair damage by pests
healthy plants less likely to be infested by pests
observe what’s going on in garden cultural methods of suppression
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Cultural Methods of Suppressionpg 6-17 to 6-18
Soil preparation Plant selection Rotation Interplantings Planting dates Weed Control Trap Crops
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Mechanical Controlpg 6-18 to 6-20
Hand picking Traps Barriers Pruning & Raking Irrigation
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Biological Controlpg 6-20 to 6-21
Use of predators, parasites & pathogens
Predators: catch& devour other creatures
Parasites: live on or in the bodies of living organisms
Pathogens: disease causing organisms
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Biological Control Notespg 6-20 to 6-21
Insect & mite populations distributed in clumps
Bt - Bacillus thuringiensis - bacteria that kills caterpillars. Slow action….eat spores…stop eating in 2 hrs…live 72
Parasitic nematodes - sensitive to ultraviolet light, heat and dehydration
Parasites/Predators - catalogs
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Limitations of Biological Controlpg 6-21 to 6-24
Timing Predators effective for short periods Some control agents not acceptable;
moles, skunks, wasps Parasites & Predators most effective
when populations are low
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Encouraging Beneficial Insectspg 6-24 to 6-25
Encourage natural predators: praying mantids, ladybeetles, lacewings,
Provide shelter, food, moisture, overwintering sites
Learn to recognize eggs & larvae Invite number & type of plants that attract Selective herbicides - less adverse effect
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Chemical Pest Controlpg 6-25 to 6-27
Botanical Soaps Horticultural Oil Homemade repellants Synthetic
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