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Plankton
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What is Plankton?
Animals and plants that either float passively in the water, or possess such limited powers of swimming that they are carried from place to place by the currents.
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Where does the word “plankton” come from? The word plankton comes from the
Greek word planktos, which means ‘wandering’ or ‘drifting’.
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Where are plankton found? Plankton dominates the well-lit
surface layers of the world's oceans.
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Types of Plankton
Phytoplankton- microscopic plants and bacteria.
Zooplankton- microscopic animals
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Phytoplankton
Carry out photosynthesis.
Produce 80% of the Earth’s oxygen and 75-80% of the organic matter.
Why must they live in the photic zone?
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Can undergo rapid population growth or “algae blooms” when water temperatures rise in the presence of excess nutrients.
During a bloom most phytoplankton dies, sinks to bottom and decomposes.
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This depletes the bottom waters of dissolved oxygen which is necessary for the survival of other organisms.
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Plankton BloomPicture taken by astronauts from the International Space Station.
Location: the Capricorn Channel off the Queensland coast of Australia.
Trichodesmium -- photosynthetic cyanobacteria, also called "sea saw dust"
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Phytoplankton
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Impact of Ozone on Phytoplankton Produce more oxygen than all plant life on
earth and are vital in maintaining the earth’s atmosphere.
They are also the organisms most likely to be affected by global warming and climate change.
Scientists around the world are concerned that harmful rays from the sun could pass through the hole in the ozone layer and kill phytoplankton, which live mostly in the upper layers of the ocean.
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Diatoms Single-celled yellow green algae. Have a cell wall. Cell wall contains silica, a glass-like
substance. Come in lots of shapes and sizes Intricate lines and etchings
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Word “diatom” means cut in two because its cell wall is made of 2 parts one fitting over the other.
Kind of like a petri dish!!!
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Diatoms
Probably the single most important food source in the ocean!!!!
YUMMMY!!!
Eaten by small plankton and by larger oysters and clams.
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Dinoflagellates
Propel themselves using 2 flagella Can swim like simple animals Photosynthesize like plants
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2 Species: Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium responsible for Red tides
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What is a Red Tide?
Plankton-rich water. Responsible for fish mortality and
paralytic shellfish poisoning.
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Zooplankton
Floating or weakly swimming animals that rely on water currents to move any great distance.
– Microzooplankton (< 200 microns) in size
– Mesozooplankton (200 microns- 2 mm) – Macrozooplankton (> 2 mm)
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Classified according to sizeSmallest Largest
Nannoplankton (Ex. Protozoans)
Microplankton (Ex. Primarily eggs and larvae, usually of invertebrates).
Macroplankton (Ex. Copepods)
Megaplankton (Ex. Portuguese Man of War)
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Camouflage
Zooplankton are the favorite food of a great many marine animals so camouflaging themselves is a very important survival strategy.
Developing effective camouflage when you live in clear, blue water is no easy matter.
The best solution and the one most often used by members of the zooplankton is to be as transparent as possible or, in the case of many surface floating jellyfishes, blue.
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There are two major types of zooplankton:
1) Those that spend their entire lives as part of the plankton (called HOLOPLANKTON)
2)Those that only spend a larval or reproductive stage as part of the plankton (called MEROPLANKTON).
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Holoplankton
Blue Sea Slug Adapted for life floating upside
down in the sea and is often found with the beautiful blue jellyfish Porpita.
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Blue Sea Slugs feed almost exclusively on the tentacles of 'Bluebottles'.
Interestingly, the nematocysts (stinging cells) on these tentacles pass through the Blue Sea Slug intact. The slug can then use these stinging cells in its own defense.
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Holoplankton
A snail with a thin fragile shell containing only a heart and gills. It swims upside down. Can eat prey as large as itself with its toothy tongue (radula).
Heteropod Atlanta peronii
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Polychaete Worm or bristle worm.
Most are mesoplanktonic.
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Portuguese Man of War
Also called bluebottle.
They are a colony of polyps.
They feed using their long tentacles on surface plankton.
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Meroplankton
Meroplankton spend only the larval or early stages of their life as part of the plankton and spend their adult lives on the reef.
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Meroplankton
Many meroplankton bear little resemblance to the adults that they will become.
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Meroplankton
While living in the plankton, meroplankton either feed on other members of the plankton, or they live off the yolk they have retained from the egg they hatched from.
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Meroplankton
Larvae spend varying amounts of time in the plankton, from minutes to over a year.
However, just how long these tiny animals can be considered truly planktonic is under some debate.
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Meroplankton- Examples
sea urchins Starfish sea squirts most of the sea snails and slugs crabs Lobsters Octopus marine worms most reef fishes.
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Lobster Larvae
Meroplankton
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Lobster Larvae
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Anemone Larva & Adult
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Sea Cucumber Larva & Adult
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Brittle Star Larvae & Adult
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Cone Shell Larvae & Adult
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Octopus Larvae & Adult
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Starfish Larvae & Adult
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Meroplankton
Meroplankton that sinks to the bottom of the ocean and lives there is called BENTHOS.
Nearly 16% of all animal species are benthic.
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There are 3 types:
INFAUNA- animals that live in the bottom like clams and worms
EPIFAUNA- animals on the bottom surface like crabs, coral and starfish
EPIFLORA- plants that live on the bottom.
Epidermis ( epi- means on the surface)
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Nekton
Not plankton Swim Ex. Invertebrates & vertebrates (Squid) (Whales)
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How long are they larvae?
Larvae spend varying amounts of time in the plankton, from minutes to over a year.
However, just how long these tiny animals can be considered truly planktonic is under some debate.
Scientists in recent years have discovered that many of these tiny animals in the plankton quickly become very good swimmers capable of incredible speed and endurance.
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Marine Protozoa
Protozoan = one celled organism. Usually microscopic Most live in water Some are plankton, others benthic Three groups: Sarcodinians, ciliates,
flagellates.
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Sarcodina
Word “sarcodina” means creeping flesh.
Describes how they move. Contract and expand projections of
their bodies called pseudopodia or “false feet.”
2 groups: forams & radiolarians
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Facts about Forams
Shell made of Calcium carbonate. Pseudopodia project out through
holes in shell. Feed on diatoms & other
protozoans. Secrete digestive juices onto their
food to dissolve it!!! Waste expelled through body
surface.
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Globigerina
Planktonic Large amount of these shells have been deposited in sediment. Studied to reveal information about
climate in past geological eras.
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Archaias angulatus
Turtle grass foram
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Archaias compressus
Button foram
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Radiolarians
Mostly planktonic Perforated outer skeleton of silica. Pseudopodia extend through holes
as long, sticky filaments. Skeleton does NOT dissolve at
great depths like the Forams.
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Radiolarians
Studied by micro paleontologists
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Radiolarian Art
Artist: Barbara West Canada
Artist: Eva Bjerke (Sweden)
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Ciliates
Covered with hair like cilia Cilia used in eating, locomotion,
respiration. Most are solitary and free
swimming. Some are attached and colonial. Common among sand grains (eat
plant cells and bacteria!)
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Ciliates
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Tintinnids
Bell animals Planktonic ciliates Common in open ocean Ring of cilia surround mouth (locomotion &
catching food). Hard shell of protein.
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Phylum Mastigophora Flagellates Propelled by a flagella Whip like
Choanoflagellates
Colonial, live attached to bottom. Collar filters particles from the water.
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The most abundant members of the zooplankton, both in species and total numbers are the crustaceans.
Crustaceans include lobsters, crabs, prawns, pill bugs, krill, barnacles, water fleas, brine shrimp (sea monkeys) and copepods.