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There are many aspects of water quality.Know what you are treating for…
• Pathogens, algae, biofilm/microbes, (biological)
• Alkalinity, EC, specific salts, agrichemicals (chemical)
• Particles (physical)
• Before buying equipment, get your water tested
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Why do emitters clog up?
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Biological
Slimy organic material
Chemical:
Soak in vinegar (low pH) –cleans up?
Send solution to testing lab to analyze specific ions
Sediment:
When soak in water, solid particles drop out
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So many options!
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Copper ionization
Chlorine gas
OzoneHypochlorous acid
Quaternary Ammonium
Acid injection
Potassium permanganate
Paper filter
Chlorine dioxide
Calcium hypochlorite
Drum filter
Sodium hypochlorite
Crushed glass filter
Reverse osmosis
Air injectionECA
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First, identify the type of clogging..
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• Biological issue in Florida
• Chemical/Particle issue in New Jersey
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Case Study 1: Biological issue
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New greenhouse5000 gal/day
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Clogged drippers
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Well water
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Water-soluble fertilizer and line cleaner
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Screen filter (140-mesh 100 micron)Plus 200 mesh (74 micron) small screen filters
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Water quality reportLocation pH Electrical
conductivity
(EC, in mS/cm)
Dissolved
Iron
(ppm)
Total
suspended
solids (TSS,
in mg/L)
Well head before filter 6.1 0.1 1.0 0
After filter 5.8 0.1 0.8 0
Greenhouse emitter with fertilizer
5.6 1.9 1.9 6.3
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Aerobic bacteria Yeasts & molds
Biofilm:3M Petrifilm method
13>5,000 cfu/mL bacteria = high biofilm risk
Dustin Meador
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Bacteria countsLocation Bacteria count
(colony forming units/milliliter, cfu/ml)
Well head before filter 48,300After filter 101,100Greenhouse emitter 2,117,000
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Sodium hypochlorite
(bleach) at 2 ppm to oxidize iron and
bacteria
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Two 36-in (0.9 meter) diameter sand filters, #20 crushed silica (190-250 micron)
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Rapid pay backFixed Costs:
Sand media filter $5082PVC pipe and fittings $2228Flow meter $470Chlorine tank $91Labor (estimated) $1800TOTAL $9671
Variable Costs:
Sodium hypochlorite $66/year$0.07 / 1000 gallons* treated
(10% Cl by weight, $1.80/gallon)
Benefits:
Current value of marketable trees $280000Previous value of marketable trees $168000Net gain in value (Year 1) $112000
*Divide price per gallon by 3.8 to convert to liters 17
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After treatment system installed
56,700
cfu/ml
0
cfu/ml
0
cfu/ml
Wellhead After
chlorination
Greenhouse
emitter
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Iron removal from back-flushed filter
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General biofilm control: Steps
1. Remove small emitters & open blow-out lines, flush system
2. Sanitizing shock (not onto plants):Line cleaner orChlorine dioxide (20 ppm) orChlorine (20-50 ppm) orPeroxyacetic acid
3. Suppress buildup:Filtration plus sanitizing agent at a low concentration
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Biofilm control and residual
• Copper ionization
• Chloramines
• Peroxyacetic acid
• Quaternary Ammonium Cl
• Chlorine
• Chlorine dioxide
• Ozone
• Ultraviolet light, heat, filtration 21
Reactive, short term
Residual, long term
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Clean WateR3 research:biofilm testing
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Organic fertilizer
Sanitizer
Replicated drip lines
Andrea NeiraJesenia Mosqueda
Ulrich Adegbola
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Clean WateR3 research:biofilm testing
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Andrea NeiraJesenia Mosqueda
Ulrich Adegbola
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No treatment very strong suppression of biofilmother than clear water
Clear Water
Clear Water
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Measured crop growth and dripper flow rate
• No effect on begonia growth from any sanitizer
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Chlorine was least effective at keepingdrippers flowing uniformly in this pilot trial
• A range of 0 would mean all drippers have exactly the same flow rate on a bench
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Algae control and phytotoxicity trials: Experimental set up
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Javier Lopez
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Algae control trials: Experimental set up
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No fertilizer & some sanitizers reduce algae
No fertilizer
Calcium nitrate at 50ppm N applied continuously in mist for 2 Weeks
Fertilizer 2ppm Copper sulfate
1:1000ZeroTol
1:5000 X3 0.5ppm
ClO2
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If you are suppressing algae, you are probablyalso suppressing crop growth
No fertilizer
Calcium nitrate at 50ppm N applied continuously in mist for 2 Weeks
Fertilizer 2ppm Copper sulfate
1:1000ZeroTol
1:5000 X3 0.5ppm
ClO2
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Case study 2: Chemical/Particle
• 25-acre greenhouse, 21M gal per year
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Case study 2: not all clogging is from biofilm• 1 to 2 ppm of iron in well water when tested by lab.• Remember that lab only tests dissolved iron, not solid rust• Add a drop of bleach and leave water overnight
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Iron deposits
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Iron deposits
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Annual cost of iron deposits
• 13,468 hours of labor (6.5 workers) to inspect, clean and replace clogged emitters, filters, and irrigation lines @ $11/h = $148,148
• $4,449 to replace new irrigation lines or emitters
• Total annual cost of $152,597
• Plus shrinkage, labor to remove stained leaves
• What would you do?
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Potassium permanganate oxidizer
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Simple injector system
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Greensand filters
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Automatic back flush
Before water treatment• Total annual cost (labor & materials) of
$152,597
Treatment costs• Equipment and installation $200,000• Potassium permanganate $0.84/1,000 gal, or
$17,640 per year
Payback within two years
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CleanWateR3.org 41
Thank You!• Test why clogging is
occurring
• Only add a treatment if you have an issue
• Choose an appropriate technology for your problem