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PHYSICS
V. HASSELL
Physics
is the science that studies
the nature of matter,
energy and their
relationships.
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STATE THE 5 BASE QUANTITIES AND THEIR SI UNIT
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METRIC SYSTEMSI unit of timesecondbased on atomic standardradiation emitted by cesium 133
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METRIC SYSTEMSI unit of lengthmeterwavelength of light emitted by
krypton-86distance light travels in 1/2999
792 458 second
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METRIC SYSTEMSI unit of masskilogramthe quantity of matter an object
containsmass of a platinum-iridium
metal cylinder kept near Paris
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STANDARD UNITSKiloHectoDekagram- meter- literdecicentimilli
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PREFIXES- FRACTIONS
deci d 1/10 or 10 -1centi c 1/100 or 10 -2milli m 1/1000 or 10 -3 micro u 10 -6nano n 10 -9pico p 10 -12
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PREFIXES- MULTIPLES
Deka da 10 1
Hecto h 10 2
Kilo k 10 3
Mega M 10 6
Giga G 10 9
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mass- kg
length-
meter
time- second
are combinations
of fundamental
quantities
density=
mass/volume
Fundamental quantities & units
Derived quantities
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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
Nonzero digits are
always significantAll final zeros after
the decimal point
are significant
Significant digits are
all the digits of a
measurement that
are certain plus one
estimated digit.
Your answers cannot be more precise than the least precise quantity.
The sum or difference of two values is as precise as the least precise value.
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Zeros between two
other significant digits
are always significant
Zeros used solely for
spacing the decimal
point are not
significant
In scientific notation all
digits before the 10 are
significant
2.510 X 10 8 has
______ significant digits
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SIGNIFICANT DIGITS- X OR /
The result of any
mathematical
operation with
measurements can
never be more precise
than the least precise
measurement.
Note the factor with
the least number of
significant digits.
Round the product or
quotient to this
number of digits.
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
M X 10n
only 1 non-zero digit on the left of the decimal
the exponent gets larger as the number gets smaller
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850 METERS = ___________MM
smaller unit - the # gets larger
larger unit - the # gets smaller
number of places- deci, centi, milli
move 3 times- larger number
*smallest units will have largest
numbers
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CONVERSION
850 meters = ___________mm
850,000 mmor 8.5 X 10 5 mm
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OR CONVERSION850 meters = ___________mm
1 meter = 1 X 1000 mm850 meters 1 X 1000 mm =
1 meter 850,000 mm or 8.5 X 10 5 mm
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OR CONVERSION
850 meters = ___________mm
1 meter = 1 X 10 3 mm850 meters 1 X 10 3 mm =
1 meter
850 X 10 3 = 8.5 X 10 5 mm
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ADD & SUBTRACT EXPONENTS
the exponents must be the same
Add the numbers in front of the 10
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ADD & SUBTRACT EXPONENTS
2.1 X 10 3 + 3.2 X 10 3 =
2.1+ 3.2= 5.35.3 X 10 3
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ADD & SUBTRACT EXPONENTS
3.2 X 10 3 - 2.1 X 10 3 =
3.2-2.1 = 1.11.1 X 10 3
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ADD & SUBTRACT W/DIFFERENT EXPONENTS
Exponents must be the same number
(doesn’t matter which one)
Change one of them to match the
other (or in between)
Continue to add or subtract # before
10
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ADD & SUBTRACT DIFFERENT EXPONENTS
5.5 X 10 -2 + 2.2 X 10 -3 =
55 X 10 -3 + 2.2 X 10 -3 =
57.2 X 10 -3=
5.7 X 10-2
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SUBTRACT
5.5 X 10 -2 - 2.2 X 10 -3 =
55 X 10 -3 - 2.2 X 10 -3 =
52.8 X 10 -3 =
5.28 X 10 -2
5.3 X 10 -2
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MULTIPLY & DIVIDE
Multiply or divide the # before
10 as indicated
add exponents in multiplication
subtract exponents in division
check units. (May be m2 or
m/sec)
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MULIPLY
5.0 X 10 -2m X 3.0 X 10 -3m =
15.0 X 10 -2 + -3 m2=
15.0 X 10 -5 =
1.5 X 10 -4 m2
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DIVIDE
6.6 X 10 -2m / 3.3 X 10 -5s =
2.0 X 10 -2 - (-5) m/s =
10 -2+ 5= 10 3
2.0 X 10 3m/s =
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2.0 X 10 2m X 3.3 X 10 -5kg 6 X 10 -5s =
=6.6 X 10 2 + (-5)= -3 mkg = 6 X 10 -5s
1.1 X 10 -3 -(-5)= -3+5=2
1.1 X 10 2 mkg/s
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All measurements are subject of uncertainties
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All instruments
are subject to
external
influences.
Uncertainties in
measurement
cannot be
avoided.
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INACCURACIES CAN BE DUE TO
human error
in reading
(precision)
accuracy of
the devise
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PARALLAXThe apparent
shift in the
position of an
object when it
is viewed from
various angles
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==WHAT IS ERROR?==
Error is the
difference between
the actual value of a
quantity and the
value obtained in
measurement.
Systematic errors are errors which tend to shift all measurements in asystematic way so their mean value is displaced. Systematic errors can be compensated if the errors are known.
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SOURCES OF SYSTEMATIC ERROR
zero error, which cause by an
incorrect position of the zero point
an incorrect calibration of the
measuring instrument.
consistently improper use of
equipment.
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PRECISION
The precision of a
measurement
describes how
exactly it was
measured
the ability of an
instrument in measuring
a quantity in a
consistent manner with
only a small relative
deviation between
readings
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WHAT IS MEANT BY SENSITIVITY OF A MEASURING INSTRUMENT?==
The precision of
an instrument
is limited by
the smallest
division on the
measurement
scale
Measuring instruments that have
smaller scale parts are more
sensitive.
Sensitive instruments need not
necessarily be accurate.
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MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Turn the thimble until the
object is gripped gently
between the anvil and
spindle.
Turn the ratchet knob until
a "click" sound is heard.
This is to prevent exerting
too much pressure on the
object measured.
Take the reading.
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MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Reading of main scale = 5.5mm
Reading of thimble scale = 0.27mm
Actual Reading = 5.5mm + 0.27mm = 5.77mm
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ACCURACY
Accuracy of a
measurement
describes how
well the result
agrees with a
standard value
The accuracy of a
measurement is
the approximation
of the
measurement to
the actual value
for a certain
quantity
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STEPS TO REDUCE SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Conducting the experiment with care.
Repeating the experiment by using
different instruments.
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RANDOM ERROR
Random errors
arise from unknown
and unpredictable
variations in
condition.
It changes from
one measurement
to the next.
Random error can cause
by:lack of sensitivity of the
instrument: the instrument
fail to respond to the small
change.
natural errors such as
changes in temperature or
wind, while the experiment
is in progress.
wrong technique of
measurement.
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HOW TO AVOID RANDOM ERROR
Taking repeat readings
Find the average value of the
reading.
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ZERO ERROR
A zero error arises when the measuring
instrument does not start from exactly
zero.
Zero errors are consistently present in
every reading of a measurement.
The zero error can be positive or
negative.
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HOW TO MEASURE THE PRECISION OF A MEASUREMENT?==
The precision of a reading can be
indicated by its relative deviation.
The relative deviation is the percentage
of mean deviation for a set of
measurements and it is defined by the
following formula:
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REVIEW
Accuracy is determined by the
preciseness of the
measurement
To check the accuracy of an
instrument you measure a
standard devise to determine
the deviation.
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ACCURACY
The accuracy of an instrument is usually off the
same direction in all measurements.
Ex.
A scale which indicates a measurement over 0
with nothing being balanced will probably show
a higher than accurate amount for all
measurements.
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MURPHY’S LAW
Any error that can creep in,
it will. It will be in the
direction that will do most
damage to the calculation.
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Never mix units. For example does 30 pounds added to 20 newtons equal 50? NO
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If the forces do not act along a straight line you can use the Graphical method to find the resultant sum.
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Also, you can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the resultant sum.
The Pythagorean theorem is
A2 + B2 = C2
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If A = 40 N and B equals 30 N, what is the resultant sum (C)?
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1. A2 + B2 = C2
2. A=40; B=30 402 + 302 = C2
3. 1600 + 900 = C2
4. 2500 = C2
5. 50 = C
First plug in what you know Square A and B Add A and B Square root the answer