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Physical Properties
and Changes
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Physical Properties• Can be observed with the senses
and can be determined without changing the substance.
• Examples of physical properties are color, shape, mass, length, and odor.
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Physical Properties• Viscosity- A liquids resistance not to
flowo The greater the viscosity the slower the liquid
moveso Viscosity decreases as a substance is heated
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Physical Properties• Conductivity-A materials ability to allow
heat to flowo Materials with a high conductivity include
metals.o Wood is a poor conductor.
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Physical Properties• Malleability- The ability of a solid to be
hammered without shatteringo Gold is used in jewelry because of its
malleability.o Glass is not malleable and will shatter when
hammered because it is brittle.
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Physical Properties• Hardness- The ability of a material to
be scratched or to scratch another surfaceoMohs Scale of Hardness• A kitchen knife can scratch a copper sheet
because stainless steel is harder than copper.• The material used to sharpen the knife blade
must be harder than stainless steel. Diamond is the hardest known material.
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Physical Properties• Melting Point- The temperature at which a
substance changes from a solid to a liquid• Boiling Point- The temperature at which a
substance changes from a liquid to a gas
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Physical Properties• Density- Mass/Volume. Can be used to test
pureness of a substance.
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Using Properties to Identify Materials
A material can be identified by its properties.
• Decide which properties to test. • Do tests on a sample of the unknown material.• Compare the results with the data reported for
known materials.
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Using Properties to Choose Materials
Properties determine which materials are chosen for which uses.
• For example, shoelaces must be flexible, that is they must be able to bend without breaking.
• They must also be durable, that is, they must be able to withstand repeated use.
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Separating Mixtures• Filtration- separates materials based on the size of their particles
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Separating Mixtures• Distillation-
separates materials based on their boiling points
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Physical Changes• When properties of a material change, but
the composition of the material does not change.
• Melting, boiling, freezing, condensing are used to describe reversible physical changes
• Breaking, splitting, cutting, and crushing are words that are used to describe irreversible physical changes
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Chemical Properties
and Changes
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Chemical Properties• Chemical Property: the ability to
produce a change in the composition of matter
• Chemical properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances.
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Chemical PropertiesExamples• Flammability – ability to burn in
presence of O2
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Chemical Properties• Reactivity – how readily a
substance combines chemically with other substances. oOxygen reacts readily with iron and
water to form rust
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Chemical PropertiesNitrogen has many uses that depend on its low reactivity. Researchers in Japan pump nitrogen gas into the steel tanks that hold seawater in ships. The nitrogen displaces the oxygen dissolved in the water and prevents rusting.
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Chemical Change• Produces matter with a different
composition then the original matter• Evidence for chemical changes:
o Color changeo Production of gaso Formation of precipitate (a solid that forms and
separates from a liquid mixture)
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Color Change• The color change in a banana peel is caused by
chemical changes that are taking place in the cells of the banana.
• A chemical change occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances.
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Production of Gas• When you mix vinegar with
baking soda, bubbles of carbon dioxide form immediately.
• A similar chemical change happens when you use baking powder as an ingredient in a cake recipe. Bubble of carbon dioxide expand and cause the cake to rise.
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Formation of a Precipiate
• Any solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture is called a precipitate.
• When an acid is added to milk, proteins in the milk undergo a chemical change that causes them to stick together in clumps and form a precipitate–cottage cheese.
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Chemical or Physical• If the composition of the matter
changes, it is a chemical change.
• If the composition of the matter remains the same, it is a physical change.
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Property or Change• Properties can be differentiated from changes
in that properties are adjectives and changes are verbs.
• For example, fireworks have the ability to explode. That ability is a property. But if the fireworks actually explode, then it is considered a change