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Photosynthesis: the process by which photoautotrophs convert solar energy into stored chemical energy.
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
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ATP ProductionADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) is similar to ‘drained battery.’ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is analogous to ‘charged battery.’
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Structure of Chloroplast
Double Membrane
Stroma
Thylakoids
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Light-Dependent reaction- occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy
Light-independent- takes place in the stroma within the chloroplast, and converts CO2 to sugar
Two reactions:
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Steps of Light-Dependent Reaction
1. Pigments absorb light and excite electrons that enter electron transport system (moving, charged particles).
2. Light energy splits water (photolysis) yielding H+ (into thylakoid), electrons (electron transport chain) and O2
3. Electrons are transferred to NADP+, creating NADPH (charged battery).
4. H+ flow out of thylakoid through ATP synthase, creating ATP (from ADP).
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Light-Dependent reactionMatch #1 - #4 from prior slide
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Light-Dependent(Cont.)Input: light energy, ADP and phosphate, NADP+, and water
Output: ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen
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in-text, p. 115
sunlight water uptake carbon dioxide uptake
ATP
ADP + Pi
NADPH
NAD+
glucoseP
oxygen release
LIGHT INDEPENDENT-
REACTIONS
LIGHT DEPENDENT-REACTIONS
new water
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Light-Independent reactionDoes not require light. ATP and NADPH are used to combine carbon, oxygen (from carbon dioxide) and hydrogen (from NADPH)
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Light-Independent (Cont.)
Input: ATP, NADPH, and Carbon Dioxide
Output: ADP and P, NADP+, glucose (or other stored energy)
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Calvin-Benson Cycle
In stroma Starts with carbon dioxide fixation- ATP is traded in to make sugar
(Light-Independent)
Carbon dioxide fixation
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Fig. 7.15, p. 123
CARBON FIXATION
6 CO2 (from the air)
6 6RuBP
PGA
unstable intermediate
6 ADP
612
12ATP
ATP
NADPH
1012
PGAL
glucoseP
PGAL2
Pi
CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE
12 ADP12 Pi
12NADP+
12