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� Photovoltaic are arrays of cells containing
a Solar photovoltaic's material that
converts solar radiation into direct currentelectricity.
What is a photovoltaic???
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� Materials presently used for photovoltaicsinclude monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline
silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide.
� IT is also called as solar cells.
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� Solar cells are made of the same
kinds of semiconductor materials,
such as silicon, used in themicroelectronics industry.
� For solar cells, a thin
semiconductor wafer is specially
treated to form an electric field,
positive on one side and negative
on the other.
� When light energy strikes the
solar cell, electrons are knocked
loose from the atoms in the
semiconductor material.
� If electrical conductors are
attached to the positive and
negative sides, forming an
electrical circuit, the electrons can
be captured in the form of an
electric current -- that is,
electricity.
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Need for photovoltaic cell???
� Due to the growing demand for renewable
energy sources, the manufacture of solar
cells and photovoltaic arrays hasadvanced dramatically in recent years.
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Application
� Solar Farms :
� Large scale solar electric power plants are being
developed, planned & installed worldwide as an
alternative to fossil fuel, or nuclear power generation.� These large scale power plants (solar farms) are
typically greater than 100 kW in power output and grow
in capacity to well over 1 MW & above. Many of the
government bodies worldwide are understanding the
importance of solar energy as a renewable & reliable
source of energy.
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� Commercial Installations : Many companies are investing in generating their own
solar power on site, including retail stores, factories,office buildings, residential buildings, and industrial
facilities.
Solar power helps lower operating costs & evade against
rising electricity prices, while reducing overallenvironmental impact.
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� Remote Habitation :
� In many parts of the world, especially in developing
nations, people live without access to a utility grid. A
large opportunity exists to create small scale PV power
systems (200 W - 2 kW), without needing to install
traditional power infrastructure. Local, isolated solar
systems can generate sufficient power to satisfy basicneeds such as domestic lighting, solar lanterns and
water pumping. As PV modules continue to decrease in
cost the ability to better the lives of large numbers
people in remote areas can become a reality.
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Advantages
� Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-
wastes and emissions are manageable using existing
pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are
under development.
� Solar electric generation is economically superior where
grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or
impossible. Long-standing examples include satellites,
island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.
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Disadvantages
� Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often warranted for
upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-mounted system
may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the
system than the seller.
� Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy
weather conditions from conventional silicon based-technologies. Therefore,
a storage or complementary power system is required.
� Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie
inverter ) when used in current existing distribution grids. This incurs an
energy loss of 4-12%.[86]