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2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 1
PHOSPHORUS:
STRATEGIES AND
REUSE INITIATIVES
IN SWEDEN
Malmö
27 October 2016
Anna Maria Sundin
Swedish EPA
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Disposition
• Phosphorus recovery
• Suggested ordinance on Phosphorus recovery
September 2013
– Environmental goals
– Short summary
– Sludge use in Sweden
– Consequences
– Status October 2016
• Other strategies and reuse initiatives in Sweden
• Final thoughts
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Phosphorus recovery
• Swedish EPA was commissioned by the
governement to look into sustainable recycling of
phosphorus in February 2012
• Purpose:
Promote reuse of phosphorus without causing
harm or inconvenience for human health or
the environment.
• Commissioned delivered in September 2013 as
Report No 6580 on sustainable phosphorus
recovery
The report aimed to serve as a basis for
governement decision making
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Starting points
Naturvårdsv
erketHavs- och vattenmyndigheten 4
• The generation goal’s subparagraph:
- Resource-efficient eco-cycles that are free from
undesirable materials to the extent possible
• Environmental quality objectives:
- A Non-Toxic Environment
- A Good Built Environment
- Zero Eutrophication
- Reduced Climate Impact
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Proposal for regulation
• Includes the use of fractions of sewages, biowaste
and compost and where it can be used (farmland,
forest and other land where people normally dwell
like golf courses and parks)
• Stricter threshold values (TV) for heavy metals and
organic contaminats
• Demand for hygiene treatment for all fractions of
sewage regardless of usage
• Demand for Plan for prevention of unwanted
substances (”Upstream work”)
• Proposal for milestone targets
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Sewage sludge use in Sweden 2014
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Agriculture (25%)
Soil production (29%)
Final coverage landfill (24%)
Storage (7%)
Landfill (2%)
Combustion (1%)
Other use (10%)
Not declared (1%)
(SCB 2016)
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Substance
in sewage
sludge
Current
TV
Europe
Current
TV
Sweden
Proposed
TV
2015
Proposed
TV
2023
Proposed
TV
2030
Sludge
used in
agri
2015*
mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DM mg/kg DMmg/kg
DM
Cadmium 20-40 2 1 0.9 0.8 0.75
Copper 1000-1750 600 600 550 475 341
Mercury 16-25 2,5 1 0,8 0,6 0.52
Chromium - 100 60 45 35 22
Nickel 300-400 50 40 35 30 16.1
Lead 750-1200 100 35 30 25 17,8
Zinc 2500-4000 800 800 750 700 544
Silver - - 5 4 3 -
Dioxin** - - 20 15 10 -
PFOS - - 0.07 0.05 0.02 -
Chloro-
paraffins- - 4 3 2 -
PCB7 - - 0.06 0.05 0.04 -
BDE-209 - - 0.7 0.5 0.5 -
* As reported in the Implementation Questionnaire 2014 on Soil and Sewage
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Consequences of the proposal
• Reduced risk for acc of metals and organic contaminats in soil
• Reduced risk of spreading of infectious agents
• Reduced leaching of nutrient materials/eutrophication
• Reduced need to import mineral fertiliser – a source that
eventually can become more expensive and more polluted
• Preventive work will improve sludge quality as well as the effluent
water quality at WWTP
• Increased resource efficiency – higher accepance of sewage- and
waste components
• Risk: profitability of biogas production facilities affected if the
biowaste doesn’t hold the TV
• Risk: less P and other nutrients in sludge recovered – technology
development needed
• The regulation is in progress at the ministry
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The wastewater system is not made for chemicals – nor the nature
Upstream work among waste water
treatment companies
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Improve the quality of the sludge
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The Revaq certification system
• Ensures safe recycling of sewage sludge
• Established in 2008
• Operated by:– The Swedish Water and Wastewater Association
– the Federation of Swedish Farmers
– The Swedish Food Federation
– The Swedish Food Retailer´s Federation
• In 2015 approx 40% of the sewage sludge in Sweden was produced at WWTP certified by the Revaq system
• Upstream work, full traceability, stricter metal limits than current Swedish legislation, pathogen control
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Alternatives to recover nutrients
12
Recovery of
nutrients from
sewage
Sludge
application
Techniques for
resource
recovery
Source
sorting toilet
systems
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Strategies for P recovery at some
Swedish WWTP september 2016
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Final thoughts
• Important to reduce the content of unwanted substances in
the society and limit the use of materials that threaten to
cause negative environmental and health effects
• Potential conflict of environmental goals: Non-toxic
environment and Recycling of nutrients
• Phosphorus in sewage fractions and biowaste is part of a
circular economy and should be recovered
• Different pathways to achive this depending on the sludge
quality and technology development
• The regulation is in progress at the ministry
• Guidance on how to closing the loop
2016-11-01
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2016-11-01Naturvårdsverket | Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 15
Thank you!
Anna Maria SundinSwedish EPA
010-698 11 79