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Phonetics & PhonologyAn Introduction
Sarmad HussainCenter for Research in Urdu Language Processing, NUCES, Lahore, Pakistan [email protected]
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Levels of Linguistic Analysis
PragmaticsSemantics
SyntaxMorphology
Phonology
Phonetics
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Overview
Phonetics
Phonology
Computational Phonology
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Phonetics
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What is Phonetics ?
Study of human speech as a physical phenomenon
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
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Articulatory Phonetics
Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus
Anatomy of vocal organs
Air stream Mechanism
Voicing
Articulation
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Anatomy of Vocal Organs
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Air-stream Mechanisms
Pulmonic
Glottic
Velaric
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Pulmonic Sounds
Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral
cavity
Pressure built by compression of lungs
English [p], [n], [s], [l], [e]
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Glottic Egressive Sounds
Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral
cavity
Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis
Georgian [p’], [t’], [k’]
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Glottic Ingressive Sounds
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral
cavity
Pressure reduced by pulling down closed
glottis
Hausa, Sindhi [ɓ,ɠ ]
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Velaric Sounds
Air flow is directed inwards from the oral
cavity
Pressure reduced by forming velaric and
alveolar closure and pulling down tongue
clicks
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Articulatory Phonetics
Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus
Anatomy of vocal organs
Air stream Mechanism
Voicing
Articulation
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Bernoulli Effect
Air pumped from the lungs applies pressure on closed glottisHigh pressure opens vocal cordsHigh velocity air flow creates low pressure region pulling vocalcords together againProcess is repeated, producing vibrations in the vocal cords
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Voicing
Whisper
Creak
bhBreathy Voice
phAspirated
bVoice
pVoicelessness
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Articulation
Manners of Articulation
Places of Articulation
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Consonants – Manners of Articulation
Lateral
Trill
Tap
mNasal
jApproximant
dʒtʃAffricate
Fricative
pStop
[4]
Flap
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Places of Articulation
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Labial
Alveolar
Dental
Labio-dental
PalatalVelar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Laryngeal
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Consonants – Places of Articulation
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Consonants – Places of Articulation
Multiple Places of ArticulationGlottalPharyngealUvularVelar
dʒʃPalatalRetroflexAlveolarDentalLabio-dentalBilabial
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Consonantal Sounds
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Vowel – Features
Low / High
Back / Front
Round
Nasal
Long
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Vowel – Minimal Pairs
Bag Big (English)/bæg/ /bɪg/Beat bit/bit/ /bɪt/Boot bait/but/ /bet/
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/a/ Vocal Tract Outline
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Vocalic Inventory
ɒɑaLow
ʌæHigher-low
ɔʌœƐLower-mid
ΩɚəEMean-mid
oɤø=öeHigher-mid
ʊƗɪLower-high
uɯɨ=ʉy=üiHigh
RoundedUnroundedRoundedUnroundedRoundedUnrounded
BackCentralFront
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Vocalic Quadrilateral
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Diphthongs
Combination of two vocalic sounds
English: [aj] I, eye [aj]
[aw] cow [kaw]
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Gemination of Consonants
Double/long consonants
English: “misspell”, “unknown”
Urdu “ê 6”,“ 6”
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What is Phonetics ?
Study of human speech as a physical phenomenon
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
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Periodic Sine Wave
PeriodTime to complete one cycle (sec)FrequencyNumber of cycles per second (Hertz)AmplitudeMaximum displacement of a periodic wave (dB)
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Complex Periodic Waves
Sinewaves contain a single frequencyComplex waves contain multiple frequency waves added togetherComplex periodic waves contain only Sine waves at base (fundamental) frequency (F0) and integral multiples of F0 (Fourier’s Theorem)
F0
Ampl
itude
Time
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Resonance
Response of a system is not constant for signals at all frequencies. The frequency which gives largest response is called Resonance (frequency).
F
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Sound WaveSound waves are formed by longitudinal movement of particles creating high and low pressure regions called compressions and rarefactions
Graph of pressure at each point in time
1 2 3 4
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Acoustic Phonetics
Source-Filter Model
Source
Filter
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Source-Filter Theory: Filter
Response curve with tongue in neutral position Resonances are called Formants (F1, F2, F3, …)
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F2
F3
F1
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Source-Filter Theory: Source
Waveform and spectrum of the glottal pulse
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Time
Ampl
itude
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Source-Filter Theory
Combining the two results in results in spectrum of short vowel ‘ə’ (schwa)
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Spectrogram
A spectrogram is a time-frequency-amplitude graph representing sound
“ a bab” “a dad” “a gag”
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Spectrogram
[17] [16]
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What is Phonetics ?
Study of human speech as a physical phenomenon
Articulation
Acoustics
Perception
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Speech Perception
Acoustic signal is highly variable but perception is very stable (invariant)How do map physical variance to perceptual invariance?
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic normalizationCategorical perceptionArticulatory Invariance - recreation of articulatory gesturesAcoustic Invariance - stable regions in speech within articulatory variability…?
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Phonology
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What is Phonology?
Study of how sounds interact in various languages (phonetics conceptual representation)
Segmental phenomenaPhonemic Inventory and AllophonySound-change rules and ordering
Supra-segmental phenomenaSyllabificationProminenceTonesIntonation
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Phoneme?
Mental concept representing a physical sound
Many to many mapping between phoneme and a phone within a language
English /t/ aspirated in “tunafish”
unaspirated in “starfish”
dental before labio-dental
flapped in “buttercup”
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Phonological Features
Phoneme = set of features that are true at a given time for a particular phonemic unit (phonological features) (Auto-segmental theory)
Values of features can by unary or binary ( +/- for present/absent)
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Phonological Features
Contrastive function: Each phoneme differs from others in at least one featureDescriptive function: Accurately describes phonetic nature of a sound (may include redundant, non-contrastive features)
Classificatory function: Explains and allows generalizations and common phonological processes
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English Consonant Features
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English Vowel Features
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Phonological Rules
Humans are lazy so compromise articulation to reduce effortCompromise in Articulation changes the soundConstituents of a phonological rules are
Phonemes to be modified due to a ruleConditioning context in which the rule has to be firedChange that occurs in a sound after the rule has been fired
Rules are sometimes ordered in a language
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Types of Phonological Rules
AssimilationAddition of features due to neighboring phonemes
n [+bilabial] / __ [+bilabial, +voiced, +stop]
DissimilationDeletion of features due to neighboring phonemes
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Types of Phonological Rules
Insertion / DeletionAddition or deletion of an entire phone
MetathesisChange order of phonemes
prescribe => perscribeask => aks
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of sound composed ofA central peak of sonority (usually a vowel), and Consonants that cluster around this central peak
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Syllable Structure
Syllable structure of Urdu word ن † /pɑkɪstɑn/
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Syllabification
Syllabification is the process of dividing words into syllables
Nuclear ProjectionMaximal Onset PrincipleSonority Sequencing Principle
Template based MatchingTemplates: V, CV, CVC, CVCCDirection of largest template application: RTL, LTR
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ProminenceSyllable(s) in a word may be more prominent than others Prominence can change meaning
Spanish: término, 'end' (noun), termíno, 'I'm finishing' terminó, 'she/he finished’
English‘ob.ject, ob.’ject‘con.tent, con.’tent
Syllable vs. stress timed languagesFinal heavy syllable is stressed, no secondary stress
Sensitive to segmental “quantity” or morasEvery odd syllable is stress, First has primary stress
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Intonation
You are going!You are going.You are going?
Intonation carries linguistic meaning, e.g. emotion, intention, etc.Realized primarily through variation of F0 over a sentenceMultiple theories of how intonation is computed and realized, e.g. Pierrehumbert (TOBI), IPO, Fujisaki, etc.
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Computational PhonologyLetter-to-sound rules (?)
Regular, heuristic, statisticalSound change rules
FSTRule base
Syllabification algorithmTemplate or sonority based algorithm
Stress-assignment algorithmStress-assignment algorithm
Intonation assignment algorithmRule-based algorithm – based on syntactic parse (?)Corpus based (Machine Learning) algorithmOther corpus based approaches
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Thank you
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References1. http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-language-map.htm2. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Spring_2001/ling001/phonetics.html3. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio
.htm4. http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/5. http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/airstream_laryngeal
/vot.html6. http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonUnits/consonants2.html7. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~xflu/201/phonology.pdf8. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/IPA%20in%20Unicode9. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2003/ling001/lecture4.html
10. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/International%20Phonetic%20Al
phabet
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References11. http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Haskins/MISC/ASY/VOWELS/ah.html12. http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/E005ei-VowelsChart.htm
13. http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture3%20/
formants1.gif14. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/formant
s.htm15. http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/src-
filt.htm16. A Course in Phonetics by Peter Ladefoged
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/contents.html
17. http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/18. Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology by Clark and Yallop
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/~jilka/teaching/intro1/i3_features.pdf