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Phonetic manifestation of word accents in sentence perspetive
-a comparison of Tokyo and Kochi Japanese
Yasuko Nagano-MadsenDept. Of Oriental & African Languages,
Göteborg University
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Accent is weakened *in the following cases(for text reading and for learners of Japanese)
*appears at the reduced pitch register/downstep, catathesis
from Kori (1997:189)
1. When a noun is modified by a preceding ajective or with the genitive particle no
aoi doresu ’a blue dress’
watashi no doresu ’my dress’
2. When a predicate verb is modified by a preceding adverb(ial) element or with the particle .
kinou yonda ’I read (it)yesterday’
hitori de yonda ’I read (it) alone’
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3. The second word in a parellel expression :
nihon to amerika ’Japan and USA’aka ka shiro ’red or white’
4. group of words after a focused word
******************************************1-3 are syntactically conditioned 4 is pragmatically conditioned
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Tokyo vs. Osaka Japanese
• Kori (1989:120)– In Osaka Japanese, the magnitude of
reduction is not as great as that in Tokyo Japanese
• Sugito(2001:204-5)– Tokyo Japanese -> intonation lang.– Osaka Japanese->(word)accent lang.
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Purpose of the present study
• Pilot study to examine dialectal differences regarding accent manifestation in relation to syntax (modifier)
• Tokyo vs. Kochi Japanese• Hypotheses
– 1. Syntax prosody mapping is manifested less in Kochi dialect (sf. Sugito 2001)
– The magnitude of accent reduction for the second accent is less in Kochi dialect
– (cf. Kori 1989)
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Meterial1. NP consisting of a noun modified by another noun with
the genetive particle no
oka’asan no presento ’mother’s present’oka’asan no huku’ ’mother’s dress’ne’ko no prezento ’present from a cat’ne’o no huku’ ’a dress for cat’
2. When a predicate verb is modified by a preceding adverb(ial) element or with the particle .
iso’ide aruita ’I walked fast’do’ndon aruita ’I walked fast’
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• 3. NP(subject) ga V (predicate)Hanako ga aruita
’Hanako walked (it is Hanako who walked, not Taro)’
1 and 2 appeared in isolation, as subject phrase, part of sentence modifier, and in focal position. 36 sentences.
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Speakers and recording procedure
• Recordings were made in summer 2006• Speakers were university teachers,
administrative staffs, and students• 20 – 65 years• Both male and female speakers• Speakers took a look of wordlist (5 minutes)• Slow and fast speaking rates, sometimes
speakers had to re-read the utterance
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measurements
• PRAAT
• Accent peaks were measured both in Hz and semitone
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Pitch range in semitone scale
-Chinese (Lin 2004) spontaneous speech
-Japanese (Nagano-Madsen & Ayusawa 2005)simulated emotional speech by voice actors
Male
average
Female
average
Chinese 125.7 Hz
16.4 st(N=37)
217.9Hz
16.2 st(N=42)
Japanese 13.9 st(N=3)
14.3 st(N=3)
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Results
• Tokyo 4 speakers, • Kochi 5 speakers
• NP (N no N)• Ad V
• Sentence modifier
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1. Syntax prosody mappingN no N (98 vs. 94%)
Ad. V (100% vs 90%)
50
60
70
80
90
100
N no N Ad V
dialect
%Tokyo
Kochi
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Great difference in syntax prosody mapping was found for sentence modifier (relative clause)
• Example
• Oka’asan no pure’zento ga todo’ita a’sa datta• Mother-Gen present-Nom arrived morning it
was
• =It was the morning when mother’s present arrived.
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Tokyo (speaker S.B.)
F0 contours (fast speech) for oka’asan no pure’zento ga todo’ita a’sa datta’It was the morning when mother’s present arrived’
slow fast
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Kochi
QuickTime och enTIFF (okomprimerat)-dekomprimerare
krävs för att kunna se bilden.
slow fast
F0 contours (fast speech) for oka’asan no pure’zento ga to’doita asa’ yatta’It was the morning when mother’s present arrived’
(speaker Y.K.)
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Sentence modifier consisting of 3 or 4 accentsN no N V N or (N ga) Ad V N1 unit = no F0 reset2 units=1 F0 reset3 units=2 F0 resets
Sentence modifier as one prosodic unit?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3
number of units
%Tokyo
Kochi
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2. Magnitude of reduction in semitoneNP (N no N)
e.g. oka’asan no pure’zento ’mother’s present’
Tokyo (average 5.2 semitones)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YY my SB MM
speaker (capital initial=female speaer)
accent reduction in semitone
slow
3.4
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Kochi Japanese
Kochi (average 3.5 semitones)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
YK MN mi mc yk
speakers (capital initial=female speaker)
accent reduction in semitone
slow
fast
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Magnitude of accent reduction (in semitone)N no N (5.2 vs. 3.5)Ad V (6.4 vs. 4.2)NP (subject) ga V (predicate)(2.9 vs. 2.5)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N no N Ad V NP ga V
reduction in semitone
Tokyo
Kochi
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Conclusion
• 1. Syntax prosody mapping was manifested less in the Kochi dialect
• 2. The magnitude of accent reduction (downstep) was consistently less for the Kochi dialect.