Download - Philo of Chinese
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Chinese
PhilosophyI. The Chinese MindII.The Chinese
Thinkers
III.The Chinese
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I. The Chinese
Mind
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Recurring Dominant Key Ideasin the Teachings of the Sages
1. belief that the highest achievement ofman as man is to be a sage or wise
man; the highest achievement of a sage
is the identification of the individual with
the universe
Sageliness within and kingliness
without.
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2.belief that life is a gift to be treasured
Life is desirable.
3. belief in the cycle of ups-and-downs and the
right-and-left movement of the pendulum
All that happens in the universe is a
continuous whole like chain of natural
sequence due to yang and yin.
4.belief in the coordination of thought and actionAction must agree with thought.
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Otherbeliefs/philosophies: Chineses Cosmic conception:
All that happens in the universe is a continuous
whole like chain of natural sequences. All events inthe universe follow a transitional process due to
the primeval pair, the yang and yin. The universe
does not proceed onward but revolves without
beginning or end. There is nothing new under thesun, everything is just a repetition of the old.
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On happiness:
Mans happiness lies in his conformity with tao,
which can mean his conformity with nature, the
course of which cannot be subject to man.
On morality:Follow Tao what follows tao cannot be morally
wrong, and what conflicts with tao cannot be
morally right. And in following tao, man
accomplishes his humanity.He who knows the Tao does not speak about it;
he who speaks about it does not know it.
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On Divine Power:
There is no divine power that controls the motion
of the universe, but everything is a result of the
single or combined action of four factors : Tao,
heaven, earth, king.
On happiness:
Mans happiness lies in his conformity with tao,
which can mean his conformity with nature, thecourse of which cannot be subject to man.
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II. The Chinese
Thinkers
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1. Kung Tzu (551-479 B.C.)(Lun Yu)
Confucius:
Analects orSayings
Of
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a. The gentleman or superior man
Possesses the Way (Tao)
Doesnt preach what he practises till he has
practised what he preaches Always act out of yi (righteousness) and
never out of li (profitable)
Is always happy; he accepts with equanimity
what has to be (ming)
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b. life
He who has only vegetables for food and
water to drink and a bent arm for a pillow will
still find happiness.
It is not worthwhile to discourse about death:
Not yet understanding life, how can one
understand death?
Life is a gift that must be treasured.
It is a part of tao to live life as it ought to be
lived.
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c.Ren (The Golden Rule)
Do not do unto others what you would
not like them to do unto you.Boo
k XII,2
Never do to others what you would notlike them to do unto you.Book XV, 23
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d.R
ectification of namesLet the ruler be ruler, the minister,
minister, the
father, father, the son, son.
e. Government
Sufficient food, sufficient weapons, andthe
confidence of the common people make
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f. mourningonly when a child is three years old does
it leave its
parents arms
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2. Meng tzu (371-
289 B.C.)
Mencius
Book ofMencius
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a. Man is originally good Man becomes evil because of exposure
and a relentless surrender to evil
inclinations.
b. All-embracing love
Love covers all.It is extended to allhumanity.
There is hierarchy of love.
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c. The heart
It is with the heart that man thinks. There
is no need for the law of morality if man
uses his heart, for he would know what is
good and evil.
d. The Great Morale (Hao jan Chih
Chi)Everything must be put in its right place.
However, there should be a hierarchy of
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3. Lao tzu
Old Master
Tao Te Ting
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It is the tao that begins, proceeds, and
ends
- The Tao produced One; One produced
Two; Two
produced Three; Three produced All
Things
The tao does not do anything (wu-wei)but accomplishes everything
Tao is not the product of anything but is
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Tao is eternal, unchanging, nameless.
Tao is all pervading it may be found on
the left hand and on the right.
Tao is humble, wise, inactive, yet it is
the peak of excellence, power, andvirtue.
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The Tao may be similar to:
Hegelian undertones: Pure Being equals Pure
Nothing
Platos eternal ideas or the Divine Archetypes in the
Mind of God: How do we know they exist? We dont.
But if they do, their existence can only be posited,
not logically argued.
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Tao is a cornerstone of Chinese thoughtand without
truly understanding what it means, one
cannot truly
appreciate Chinese philosophy. And as a
final
warning:
He who knows the TAO does not speak
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4. Chuang tzu
The Writings of Chuang Tzu
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Philosophies:
Happiness comes from conformity with
Tao; sadness and frustration proceed
from non-alliance with nature.
To each one belongs a peculiar nature.
What is natural to one may not be
natural to another.
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On life and death:
When the Master came, it was at the
proper time;
when he went away, it was the simple
sequence
of his coming.
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On the Grand Beginning of all things:
There is not a single thing without the
Tao. So it is with the Perfect Tao.And if we call it the Great Tao, it is just
the same. There are three terms
complete, all-embracing, the whole.
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On epistomology:(relativism of
truth/personal
truth)Each one has a point of view, a
contextual
situation, and each one understands inhis own
personal manner.
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5. Mo tzu
The Works ofMoTzu
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Philosophies:
On universal love:
In the matter of loving people, one has
to love
everybody before he can be spoken of
loving
people. Failing to love all, one fails to
love
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On the Will of Heaven:
Heaven wants righteousness and
dislikes
unrighteousness.
On Confucian Ming:
Lifes experiences do not give credenceto the
doctrine of fatalism.
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6. Yang Chu
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Philosophies:
On mans self preservation:
No one should sacrifice a limb, not even
for a kingdom
On life:
Life is forbeauty and abundance.
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III. The Chinese Classics
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1.I Ching
Tao is the way, and the way is
necessary change made possible by theyang and yin which are the primeval
pair.
Change is made possible by theinteraction of the Yang and Yin
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2. Han Fei Tzu
Power has to be invested in a single
ruler in order to concentrate the statescontrol.
The citizens were to be given duties to
perform, failure of which could subject
them to disciplinary measures.
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3. Hsun Tzu
Believes that human nature is evil and
goodness arises only out of artificialtraining education is the salvation of
men
Believed that if Tao were followed, thenHeaven would necessarily follow.
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4. The Great Learning Believes that the perfection of
knowledge implies knowing the root of
the problem
Believes that The cultivation of the
person depends on the rectification ofthe mind
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5.The Mean (Chung Yung) When Chung and Yung are respected,
there would be balance in the universe.
Human virtue does not only exist in the
ethical but also in the cosmic sphere.
Sincerity is an active force that welds thetheoretical and the practical.
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Reference:
The Merging Philosophy of East and
West
by Emerita S. Quito
Reporter:
Maria Cris S. Zorilla Dela RosaMA-ELT
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XieX
ie!