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Philippines under
Spanish, American &
Japanese Colonizatio
n
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The Spanish Coloniza
tion
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15th century-(1565-1898)
Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years.
Since Spain was far from the country , the Spanish king ruled the islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another colony.
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1821Mexico regained its freedom , the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.
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THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
Spain established centralized a colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENT that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.
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NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
-maintained peace and order
-collected taxes-built schools and other public works.
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THE GOVERNOR GENERAL
-President of the Royal Audencia-He had a GREAT POWERS . He had
the power to appoint and dismiss public officials , except those personally chosen by the king.
-He was the commander in chief or the colonial armed forces.
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THE RESIDENCIA-Special judicial court INVESTIGATES the performance or Governor General who was about to be replaced.
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THE VISITA-The council of the indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observed condition in the colony.
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THE ROYAL AUDENCIA-Served as advisory body of the governor
-Had the power to check and report on his abuse
-Sent a yearly report to Spain.
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LOCAL GOVERNMENTThere are two types of LOCAL GOVERNMENT. *ALCALDIA (Alkalde Mayor)-They represented the Spanish king and the
Governor-General.-They manage the day-to-day operations of the
provincial government.-Implemented laws and supervise the collection of
taxes*CORREGIMIENTO headed by Corregidor governed
by provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.
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THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
Each provinces was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by GOVERNADORCILLOS, which main duties is efficient governance and tax collection.
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*GOVERNADORCILLOS-They had a small salaries but
were exempted for paying tax. Example was EMILIO AGUINALDO.
*CABEZA DE BARANGAY-Responsible for the peace and
order of the barrio.-Recruited men for public works.
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PENINSULARES-The highest class in the Philippines in
trusted with offices of high rank.-Pure Blooded Spaniards born from Spain
and sent to Spanish colonist to govern.-They held as governor general of the
Philippines and other powerful offices.- The most well known is MIGUEL LOPEZ
de LEGAZPI who colonized a huge part of the Philippines.
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INSULARES-They are rank below Peninsulares.-The Insulares or Criollos are of
European descent but born in the colonist of Spain .
-A son or daughter of a Spanish, couple is an Insulare.
-Inter-marrying with Filipinos and other raises in the country produce meztizos.
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MESTISO DE ESPANYOL
-Offspring of Spanish inter breeding with Filipinos.
-Mestizo is a term given to individuals inheriting foreign ancestry.
-Children of racial inter-marriage.-Parents of mestizos may have
been alcalde or other important position or insulare wishing to expand power and territory
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MESTIZO DE SANGLEY-A person of Filipino or any racial Descent marrying a Chinese, the result is children that will be called mestizo de sangley.
-They were allowed to lease lands from friar states and earned from eat.
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TORNATRAS-It is an old Spanish term for a person of mix ancestry from Spanish, Filipino and Chinese.
-Most Filipino Ilustrados belong to this class.
-They are idealist, artist and free thinkers.
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INDIO-Pure Austronesian origin.
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The Americ
an Colonization
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1898The US evicts the Spain from the Philippines.
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1902The US defeats the Philippine Nationalist Forces in the Philippine-American War
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1941The US entered the World War II. Thousands of Filipinos and Americans fight side by side
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1946The Philippines gains the Independence with an American blessing
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1951By the pressure of the cold war, Philippines signed a defense treaty with the United States
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1991Public opinion forces to shutdown American bases at Subic Bay and Clark Air Force base ending an American Military presence on the islands.
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The Japanes
e Colonization
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December 8 1941-Japan invaded the Philippines.
Clark Air Base in Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside Manila was attacked.
-Japanese attacked the pearl harbor because of their intensifying rivalry in the pacific led by Gen. Masaharu Homma
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December 22 1941
-The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila.
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December 25 1941-Manila is declared as an open city by General Douglas Macarthur to avoid greater destruction by the Japanese.
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January 2 1942
-Manila was occupied by the Japanese.
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January 3 1942-The day after manila became an occupied city. General Masaharu Homma issued a proclamation announcing the end of American occupation in the country.
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January 23 1942-The Philippine executive Commission is established under Jorge Vargas.
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February 1942-Leaders and organized farmers held a meeting in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.
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April 9 1942-The joint American and Filipino soldiers
in Bataan finally surrendered.-Approximately around 10,000 soldiers
died in this horrible "Death March" -They walk all the way from the starting
point Bataan to the end point Tarlac with no food and water to eat.
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June 20 1942"KALIBAPI" Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas is established.
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August 8 1942-Jose Vargas issued an executive order providing means for protection under joint responsibility.
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September 20 1943-Party Convention is held by the KALIBAPI to elect 54 members of the national assembly organized by President. Jose P. Laurel.
-Under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr.
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October 1943HUKBALAHAP established a newspaper against the Japanese and edited in Arayat Pampanga called the Ing Masala( The light ).
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October 14 1943-The new republic was inaugurated.
-An inauguration is held on the front steps of the legislative building in manila.
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November 9 1943-The resolution is passed by the senate asking provisions regarding the succession be waived to make Quezon the president beyond 8 years.
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August 1 1944-Quezon died in Saranac Lake New York. Happenings that make the Japanese surrendered to the United State
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August 6, 1944-United state unleashed the deadly atomic bomb in Hiroshima Japan.
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August 9 1944
-The United State later on dropped another atomic bomb in Nagasaki Japan.
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October 24-26 1944-The battle for Leyte Gulf lasted and exceeded all previous naval combat.
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December 8 1944-President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya.
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February 23, 1945-The Japanese finally surrendered after 3 weeks of intense fighting.
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July 4 1945-Proclamation of the general freedom from the Japanese.