Download - Philippine Political History
PHILIPPINE POLITICAL HISTORY
From Pre-Colonial to the Post-Martial Law Period
Pre-Colonial Early Filipinos possessed a well-
organized political structure even before the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century.
Barangays, a Malay word “balangay” which means sailboat, are small self-sustaining communities consisted of 30 to 100 families.
Each barangay is independently ruled by a datu, raja, hari, or lakan.
Barangay Government
Chief
Barangay Government The position of barangay chieftain is a
hereditary position. In the absence of a legitimate son or
daughter of the deceased chieftain, the all noble and freemen elect their new chief, on the basis of:1. Wealth2. Strength3. Wisdom.
Barangay Government Aside from the right of the people to
choose their new chieftain, in cases necessary, the early barangay government manifested signs of democracy.
Albeit the great powers of the datu, they are not absolute. Hence, consultation with the elders or “Maginoo” is required in cases of: Declaration of war; Marriage of the lakan or lakambini;
Barangay Government
Entering of Inter-Barangay Alliance; Passage of new barangay laws; and Judgment of certain crimes.
Pre-Colonial: Social ClassesMaharlikas
Timawas
AlipinAliping NamamahayAliping Saguiguilid
Inter-Barangay Relations In order to protect themselves against
bigger and stronger barangays, some barangays entered into alliances or confederations. Usually, confederations existed because of: Military Protection; Trade; Marriages of the lakans and lakambinis.
Treaties were sealed by the traditional “sandugo” [one blood] or blood compact.
Arrival of the Spanish March 16, 1521, the Portuguese explorer and
commander of the Spanish Expedition, Ferdinand Magellan rediscovered the Philippine Islands.
March 17, 1521, the expedition first landed on a small uninhabited islet of Homonhon
March 18, 1521, the Spaniards first encountered the Filipino natives, bearing bananas, fish, coconuts and palm wine.
March 29, 1521, Raha Kolambu & Magellan made the first recorded blood compact between a native & a foreigner.
Arrival of the Spanish March 31, 1521, first Catholic Mass held
on the shores of Limasawa[?] April 7, 1521, Magellan landed on Cebu
& made a blood compact with Raja Humabon.
April 27, 1521, Magellan fought the forces of Lapu-Lapu and was killed during the battle.
Arrival of the Spanish After the Magellan Expedition, there were
five (5) more expeditions to the Orient:1. Loaisa – 15252. Cabot – 15263. Saavedra – 1527: Reached Mindanao but
failed to colonize4. Villalobos – 1542: Reached Mindanao but
failed to colonize. Named Mindanao “Cesarea Caroli” in honor of King Charles I of Spain. Named the Philippines “Islas Filipinas” in honor of then Crown Prince Philip.
5. Legazpi – 1564: Successful colonization.
Arrival of the Spanish February 13, 1565, Legazpi arrived in Cebu. February 22, Legazpi and Datu Urrau of Samar
entered into a blood compact. March 9, Legazpi landed in Limasawa and was
hospitably received by Datu Bankaw. March 16, Legazpi & Sikatuna entered into a
blood compact. After a few days, Legazpi did the same with Sigala.
April 27, Legazpi sailed back to Cebu and fought the defiant forces of Raja Tupas, who was defeated by the Spanish forces.
Period of Spanish Colonialism The Philippines was a part of the
Viceroyalty of Mexico. After the separation of Mexico from Spain in
1821 and until 1898, our country was directly ruled by Madrid, Spain, through the appointed colonial officers.
Being a part of the expansive colony of the Spanish empire, all affairs of the colonies, including the Philippines, were handled by the Council of the Indies.
Period of Spanish Colonialism The Council of the Indies was later
replaced by the Ministerio de Ultramar.
Minister of Colonies
Consejo de Filipinas• Deputy
Minister of Colonies
• Directors of the Ministry [Ex-Officio Member]
• 12 Regular Members appointed by the Spanish Crown
Philippine Colonial Government
Governor-General[Executive Powers]
National
Philippine Colonial Government
Alcaldia
Corregimiento
Ayuntamiento
Pueblo
Barrio
Era of Philippine Revolution Reasons for the early revolutions against
Spain:1. To regain lost freedom & happiness;2. To fight Spanish oppression;3. To denounce religious persecution;4. To struggle against tributes & forced
labor;5. Agrarian disputes;6. Wine monopoly.
Era of Philippine Revolution
Propaganda Movement Reforms Desired by the Propaganda
Movement1. Equality of Filipinos & Spaniards before
the law.2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
province of Spain.3. Restoration of Philippine representation in
the Spanish Cortes.4. Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and
expulsion of the friars.5. Human rights for Filipinos.
The Katipunan Founded on the 7th of July, 1892 at
No. 72 Azcarraga St., Tondo, Manila.
Aims of the Katipunan:1. To unite the Filipinos; and2. To fight for Philippine Independence.
Independence through violent revolution.
The Katipunan Government
Katipunan MembershipBonifacio
Diwa
Plata
Convert
Convert
Bayani
Kawal
Katipun
The Philippine Revolution
August 26, 1896 – The Cry of Balintawak
August 30, 1896 – The Battle of San Juan
November 9-11, 1896 – Battles of Binakayan & Dalahican
Magdiwang & Magdalo Councils
King Andres Bonifacio
Vice-King Mariano Alvarez
Minister of War
Minis ter of Interior
Minis ter of Finance
Minister of Natural Resources
Captain General
President Baldomero Aguinaldo
Vice-President Edilberto Evangelista
Secretary of War
Sec. of Interior
Sec. Natural Resources
Sec. Agriculture
Lieutenant General
The Imus Assembly
Establishment of a revolutionary government under new elected officials.
Uniting the Magdalo & Magdiwang forces under a single command.
The Tejeros Assembly Same objectives of the Imus
Assembly. Controversial. Conflict-filled.
Result of the Tejeros Election
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President Mariano Trias
Captain General Artemio Ricarte
Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of War Andres Bonifacio
Naic Revolutionary Assembly
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President Mariano Trias
Captain General Artemio Ricarte
Sec. Interior Pascual Alvarez
Sec. State Jacinto
Lumbreras
Sec. Finance Baldomero Aguinaldo
Sec. of Commerce &
Industry Mariano Alvarez
Sec. Justice Severino
delas Alas
Sec. War Emiliano Riego de
Dios
Bonifacio’s Execution Bonifacio vs. Aguinaldo in Limbon,
Indang, Cavite. May 5, 1897 – Bonifacio Bros. were
charged before the Court-Martial May 6, 1897 – the Council of War
rendered its decision recommending the death penalty.
May 8, 1897 – Aguinaldo commuted the death penalty of death to banishment to an isolated place.
May 10, 1897 – Andres & Procopio Bonifacio were executed by firing squad at Mount Hulog, Maragondon, Cavite.
Biak na Bato Assembly Under the Biak na Bato Asembly,
the Biak na Bato Republic was inaugurated and the Biak na Bato Constitution was promulgated.
The Constitution was patterned closely after the Cuban Constitution. It was written by Isabelo Artacho & Felix Ferrer.
Term of effectivity: Two years only.
It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation into an independent state.
Government was vested to a Supreme Council, headed by a President, Vice-President, & four secretaries.
Executive power resided in the President, or in his absence, the Vice-President.
Judicial power was vested in a Supreme Council of Grace & Justice.
Official language of the Republic: Tagalog.
The Biak na Bato Constitution also contained a Bill of Rights to safeguard the human rights of the people.
Aguinaldo on Exile The Pact of Biaknabato was a peace
agreement between the Spanish Governor & General Aguinaldo. It declared the cessation of military actions between the 2 parties & the enactment of reforms and amnesty.
In accordance with the Pact of Biaknabato, entered between Governor Primo de Rivera & General Aguinaldo, Aguinaldo ceased all military actions, received in behalf of the Filipino people sum amount of monetary indemnity, and went abroad for exile.
Entry of the Americans to Philippine Soil
The Battle of Manila Bay
Filipino-American Collaboration
Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial Government When Aguinaldo was on exile, he
planned on establishing a Federal Republic of the Philippines. Mariano Ponce wrote the
Constitution in Hong Kong. Upon recommendation &
advice, Aguinaldo established a temporary dictatorial government on May 24, 1898.
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
June 12, 1898, Kawit, Cavite – the Philippine Independence was proclaimed & the country is to be governed by a dictatorial government. Formal unfurling of the Filipino Flag; Playing of the National Anthem; Reading & signing of the “Act of the
Declaration of Independence”.
June 23, 1898 – under the advise of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo changed the dictatorial government into a revolutionary government.
End of Filipino-American Collaboration
August 18, 1898 – Manila was “captured” by the Filipino & American forces.
Treaty of Paris – Spain ceded the Philippines to the USA for the amount of $20 million.
The Malolos Congress Malolos Congress was inaugurated at
the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. The Congress was able to achieve the
following:1. Ratification of the Philippine Independence;2. Floating of a domestic loan of
P20,000,000.00 redeemable in 40 years after the date of issue;
3. Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.
Malolos Constitution 3 Consitutional Drafts:
1. Mabini Plan: Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic;
2. Paterno Plan3. Calderon Plan – the draft which was
considered the best and later on approved by the Malolos Congress.
January 21, 1899 – Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the law of the land
Birth of the Philippine RepublicMalolos Republic – The first Philippine Republic It was the first republic in Asia. January 23, 1899 Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan.
It lasted for 2 years, 1 month & 10 days.
America’s Rule“The Philippines are
ours, not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize, to
educate, to train in the science of self-
government.” – US Pres. Mckinley
Philippine Democratization
Military Government• The Military
Governor governed the country under the direct authority of the US President as Commander-in-Chief of the USAF.
• 1898-1901
The Philippine Commission• Tasked to make a
survey if the Philippine conditions & to achieve the peaceful extension of American sovereignty in the country
• Schurman Commission
• Taft Commission
Civil Government• By virtue of the
Spooner Amendment, the authority to govern the Philippines passed from the President to Congress.
• Filipinos were given greater participation in the governance of the country.
Commonwealth Government• Tydings-Mcduffie
Law authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a Constitutional Convention to draft the constitution of the Philippines.
• The 1935 Constitution was written, passed, and ratified during this period.
Japanese Occupation
Japanese Military Administration• Established on
January 3, 1942.• Created for the
purpose of supervising the political, economic, & cultural affairs of the Philippines
The Philippine Executive Commission• Following the last
instructions of Pres. Manuel L. Quezon, the Filipino leaders were forced to “collaborate” with the Japanese in order to save more Filipino lives.
Japanese-Sponsored Republic• “Withdrawal” of the
Japanese Military Administration
• Although Filipinos were occupying the official posts, Japanese “advisers” were always stationed in their offices to supervise.
Independence & the Third Republic Roxas Administration: began the
rehabilitation & reconstruction of the war-ravaged Philippines. Established a pro-American policy. Supported the Parity Amendment
Quirino Administration: continued economic reconstruction of the nation and the restoration of the faith & confidence of the people in the government. Hukbalahap insurgency grew stronger.
Magsaysay Administration: 1st President to improve the conditions of the barrios & the indiscriminate slaughter of carabaos. SEATO was established. Laurel-Langley Agreement between the
Philippines & the US was concluded. It provided for the gradual abolition of free trade between the US and the Philippines.
Reparation Agreement with Japan was signed. It provided that Japan would pay reparations for the destruction committed by the Japanese forces during WWII totalling $300,000,000 for 25 years.
Garcia Administration: strengthened Philippine democracy revived Filipino culture. Adopted the “Filipino First” policy to promote
greater Filipino participation in business. Macapagal Administration:
the agricultural Land Reform Code was enacted. Propagation of the Filipino Language. Independence day was changed from July 4 to
June 12. Officially filed a claim over Sabah, North Borneo. Formation of MaPhilIndo.
Marcos Administration: 1st Term
1. Stabilization of government finance2. Greater production of rice by promoting the
cultivation of “miracle rice”, the construction of more irrigation systems & giving financial & technical assistance to the farmers.
3. Building of more roads & bridges, school houses & other public works.
4. Intensive drive against smuggling, crime syndicates, and the communist NPA.
2nd Administration Problems:
1. Prevalence of dirty politics2. Rampage of graft & corruption3. Widening gap between the rich &
the poor4. Impotency of the 1935 Philippine
Constitution to cope with the new socio-economic problems of the times
5. Rising tide of communism, crime & subversion.
Martial Law Regime 9:00pm September 22, 1972 – Proclamation 1081
was implemented. 1973 Constitution was finally passed, adopted, &
ratified.1. Establishment of a Parliamentary Government.2. Legislative power was vested in a unicameral
National Assembly.3. Emphasis on the duties & obligations of citizens, as
well as their rights & duty to vote.4. Parity rights was terminated.5. Marcos was given the power to legally exercise
legislative powers & his term was to be extended beyond 1973.
The New Society The conquest of mass poverty & the
democratic distribution of wealth & property. Land reform is considered as the greatest
achievement of President Marcos under martial law.
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) was established.
Tax reforms were implemented quadrupling the government revenue from Php5.3 Billion to Php19.2 Billion.
January 17, 1981 – Proclamation 2045, ended the 8 years & 4 months of martial law in the Philippines.
June 30, 1981 – Marcos inaugurated the “New Republic”, history-wise is the 4th Philippine Republic.
Restoration of Democracy in the Philippines Vox populi, vox dei. During the transitory government of
Aquino, she promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines or the “Freedom Constitution”.
June 2, 1986 – Constitutional Commission for the framing of a new Constitution was created.
February 2, 1987 – Constitution was ratified by the people.
CONCEPT OF THE CONSTITUTION
Definition
[T]hat body of rules & maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised. (Cooley, as cited by I. Cruz, Consti. Law)
Purpose
1. To prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government;
2. To assign to the several departments their respective powers & duties, &
3. To establish certain first fixed principles on which government is founded.
Supremacy of the Constitution
The Constitution is SUPREME. No act shall be valid, however
noble its intentions, if it conflicts with the Constitution. [Supremacy of the Constitution must prevail.]
Classification
Written
Unwritten
Evolved
EnactedRigidFlexible
Written
RigidConventional
Essential Qualities of the Written Constitution
Constitution
Broad Brief Definite
Essential Parts of the Written Constitution
Constitution
Constitution of Liberty
Constitution of GovernmentConstitution of
Sovereignty