Download - Phase 1 Mixed (1)Husm
A. is about 500 ml/min at restB. is measured using Kety methodC. is altered directly by vagal activityD. is maximal during ventricular systoleE. is autoregulated
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F. It makes up about 4% of the total body weightG. The principal cation is sodiumH. It contains fructoseI. It is used for the direct Coombs testJ. Total plasma protein ranges from 20 - 40 g/L
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K. It makes up about 40% of the body weightL. Measured using dilution technique with deuterium oxideM. Inorganic phosphate is the most abundant anionN. K+ concentration is approximately 100 mmol/LO. Its proportion varies little between tissues
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P. 'Cannon' waves occur with junctional rhythmQ. 'H' wave is associated with bradycardiaR. Peaks with the 'a' wave at end diastoleS. The 'c' wave is a diastolic componentT. The 'x' descent is a systolic component
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U. Thyroxine (T4) is more active than Triiodothyronine (T3)V. More than 99% of active hormone is protein-boundW. The actions are mediated via receptors on the cell surfaceX. Cause reduced carbohydrates metabolismY. Is de-iodinated in the liver
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Z. There is approximately 3 litres of gastric secretion per dayAA.The parasympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexusBB. Gastric emptying is controlled by periodic relaxations of the pyloric sphincterCC. Cathecolamines inhibit the gastric secretionDD.The gastric contents are normally sterile
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EE. Carbonic anhydrase is present in plasmaFF. 25% of carbon dioxide is dissolvedGG.Majority is carried as bicarbonateHH.Is facilitated by deoxygenated haemoglobinII. 50 ml of carbon dioxide is carried per 100 ml in arterial blood
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1. Coronary blood flow 2. Regarding blood plasma 3. Regarding intracellular fluid 4. Concerning the CVP waveform 5. Regarding thyroid hormones 6. Regarding gastric physiology 7. Regarding carbon dioxide transport in blood
JJ. Present in the carotid sinusKK.Sensitive to changes in PaCO2LL. Stimulated by cyanideMM. Respond to anaemiaNN.Are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve
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OO.are more influenced by PaO2 than oxygen content .PP. are stimulated by a fall in pH .QQ.are stimulated by a fall in blood flow .RR. contain chemoreceptors .SS. have a greater blood supply per gram than the brain .
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TT. epidural anaesthesiaUU.nitrous oxideVV.ritodrineWW. halothaneXX.rocuronium
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YY.U waves on the electrocardiogramZZ. increased amplitude of the P wavesAAA. prolonged QRS complexesBBB. ventricular fibrillationCCC. cardiac arrest in systolic phase
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DDD. decrease in baroreceptor activityEEE. an increase in angiotensin IIFFF. an increase in precapillary sphincter toneGGG. an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressureHHH. stimulation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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III. is a class IB anti-arrhythmic drugJJJ. acts by prolonging cardiac action potentialKKK. half-life is less than 4 weeksLLL. pulmonary toxicity is one of its side effectMMM. interferes with tests of thyroid function
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NNN. Hydrocortisone replacement alone is sufficient in Addison's diseaseOOO. Dexamethasone is suitable for replacement therapyPPP. Methylprednisolone is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than hydrocortisoneQQQ. Prolonged steroid therapy causes osteoporosisRRR. Cortisone does not cause fluid retention
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SSS. A constant proportion of drug metabolised in a given time periodTTT. Ethanol is an example
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8. Regarding peripheral chemoreceptors 9. The carotid bodies 10. Relaxation of the pregnant uterus is produced by 11. Hyperkalaemia causes 12. Autoregulatory mechanisms used in hypovolaemic shock include 13. .Amiodarone 14. Regarding steroid therapy 15. Regarding first-order kinetics
UUU. The enzyme responsible for the reaction is saturatedVVV. The rate of elimination and elimination half-life is constant,irrespective of
plasma concentrationWWW. The reaction is represented by a linear relationship
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XXX. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal s symptomsYYY. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin actionZZZ. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours
after administrationAAAA. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and
antimuscarinic actionsBBBB. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.
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CCCC. is useful when given intramuscularlyDDDD. contains mannitolEEEE. interferes with calcium ion release from sarcoplasmic reticullumFFFF. interacts with verapamilGGGG. causes sedation
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HHHH. is a ?-receptor antagonistIIII. is an analogue of morphineJJJJ. is a respiratory stimulant in normal manKKKK. causes pulmonary oedema as a complicationLLLL. has a duration of action of one to four hours
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MMMM. Increased if ventilation increasesNNNN. More rapid when cardiac output decreasesOOOO. Reduced with less soluble agentPPPP. greater when the difference between inspired and alveolar concentration are higherQQQQ. the second-gas effect allows the maintenance concentration of
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RRRR. Adrenaline is the first drug of choiceSSSS. It is most commonly due to muscle relaxantsTTTT. It is IgE mediatedUUUU. Serum tryptase has a half-life of one (1) hourVVVV. Serum tryptase levels can distinguish between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid
reactions
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WWWW. The intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mcg/kg/minXXXX. Acts on both arterial and venous smooth muscleYYYY. Plasma half-life is 2 minutesZZZZ. Stimulates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictionAAAAA. Reduces renal blood flow
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16. Regarding antiemetic drugs 17. Dantrolene 18. Naloxone 19. Regarding uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 20. Concerning anaphylaxis occurring during the perioperative period 21. Regarding sodium nitroprusside
BBBBB. enfluraneCCCCC. midazolamDDDDD. methohexitoneEEEEE. etomidateFFFFF. isoflurane
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GGGGG. act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel
HHHHH. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block
IIIII. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks
JJJJJ. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine
KKKKK. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine
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LLLLL.MMMMM.NNNNN.OOOOO.PPPPP.
QQQQQ. Prolongs its biological half-lifeRRRRR. Is different in arterial and venous bloodSSSSS. Is higher with lignocaine than bupivacaineTTTTT. Slows glomerular filtration of the drugUUUUU. Pethidine binds more to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein than albumin
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VVVVV. has MAC of 105%WWWWW. has critical temperature of 36.5 degree CelciusXXXXX. induces bone marrow aplasiaYYYYY. causes increase in cardiac outputZZZZZ. causes diffusion hypoxia at the termination of anaesthesia
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AAAAAA. Histamine and adrenalineBBBBBB. Flumazenil and midazolamCCCCCC. Atenolol and salbutamolDDDDDD. Protamine and warfarinEEEEEE. Aminoglycoside and atracrurium
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FFFFFF. hyponatraemiaGGGGGG. hyperkalaemiaHHHHHH. hypermagnesaemiaIIIIII. lithiumJJJJJJ. hyperthermia
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22. Epileptiform EEG activity are induced by 23. With regard to local anaesthetics: 24. The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are a) degree of ionization b) degree of protein binding c) placental blood flow d) pK of the drug e) lipid solubility of the drug TTFTT
25. Regarding the binding of a drug to plasma proteins 26. Nitrous oxide 27. The following interactions are antagonistic 28. The action of non-depolarising muscle relaxant is prolonged by
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KKKKKK. Normal plasma concentration is 3-5 mmol/LLLLLLL. Present mainly in boneMMMMMM. Deficiency cause muscle weaknessNNNNNN. Potentiates the action of Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junctionOOOOOO. It reduces peripheral vascular tone
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PPPPPP. increase in uterine contractilityQQQQQQ. worsening of intermittent claudicationRRRRRR. hyperkalaemiaSSSSSS. tremorTTTTTT. tachycardia
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UUUUUU. It is a selective ?2-agonistVVVVVV. It causes hypertension following abrupt cessationWWWWWW. Oral bioavailability is 100%XXXXXX. Anxiety is a side-effectYYYYYY. Reduces cardiac contractility
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ZZZZZZ. Is the active ingredient of glyceryl trinitrateAAAAAAA.Improves platelet functionsBBBBBBB. Is usually administered in doses of 10-50 ppmCCCCCCC. Produces relaxation of the smooth muscleDDDDDDD.Methaemoglobinemia is one of it's adverse effects
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EEEEEEE. coagulopathyFFFFFFF. respiratory depressionGGGGGGG.J waves on the ECGHHHHHHH.diuresisIIIIIII. hypoglycaemia
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JJJJJJJ. The extrinsic cascade is initiated by contact between factor XII and collagen fiberKKKKKKK.Vitamin K is required for the formation of prothrombinLLLLLLL. Local vasoconstriction occurs in respond to serotonin released by plateletsMMMMMMM. Clot formation is due to conversion of fibrin to fibrinogenNNNNNNN.Primary hemostasis is controlled by the balance between Thromboxane A2 and
Prostacyclin
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OOOOOOO.Normal pulmonary capillary pressure is about 10 mmHgPPPPPPP. The volume of blood in the pulmonary vessels is about 1 liter at any timeQQQQQQQ.PGF2? causes pulmonary vasoconstrictionRRRRRRR. Pulmonary blood volume increase when changing posture from supine to erectSSSSSSS. Receive blood from both the pulmonary and bronchial arteries
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29. Concerning magnesium 30. Salbutamol causes31. Regarding clonidine 32. Concerning nitric oxide (NO) 33. Hypothermia causes 34. During the process of hemostasis 35. Regarding pulmonary circulation
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TTTTTTT. is equal to total minute ventilation minus the dead space ventilationUUUUUUU.is calculated from the alveolar air equationVVVVVVV.is proportionate to alveolar CO2 concentrationWWWWWWW. is about 4.5 L/min at restXXXXXXX.is more in the apical than basal region in upright position
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YYYYYYY.stimulates adrenaline secretion in the adrenal medullaZZZZZZZ. causes vasodilatationAAAAAAAA. decreases bronchial toneBBBBBBBB. increases lacrimationCCCCCCCC. on M2-type causes gastric acid secretion
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DDDDDDDD. The most rapidly conducting fibres in the heart are purkinje fibresEEEEEEEE. The last part of the ventricle to be activated is the apexFFFFFFFF. The duration of an action potential in the ventricular muscle fibre is about the same
as in a skeletal muscle fibreGGGGGGGG. The T wave of the ECG occurs at the beginning of the absolute refractory
period of the ventricleHHHHHHHH. Left axis deviation leads to abnormally large R wave in standard limb lead I
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IIIIIIII. Causes hypoventilationJJJJJJJJ. Is caused by massive blood transfusionKKKKKKKK. Is treated with acetozolamideLLLLLLLL. Increase free ionized calcium concentrationMMMMMMMM. Tetany is a complication
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NNNNNNNN. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord
OOOOOOOO. parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholinePPPPPPPP. postganglionic sympathetic fibres release cathecolamines, except at sweat and
adrenal glandsQQQQQQQQ. sympathetic effects are more localized than parasympathetic actionsRRRRRRRR. parasympathetic stimulation increases bladder emptying
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SSSSSSSS. The ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to waterTTTTTTTT. Sodium reabsorption from the loop of Henle occurs passivelyUUUUUUUU. Under conditions of maximum antidiuresis, 5% of water reabsorption occurs
in the distal tubuleVVVVVVVV. Sodium excretion affected by blood flow in the vasa rectaWWWWWWWW. Prolonged thirst induces aldosterone production
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XXXXXXXX. Increases in ACTH, cortisol and growth hormoneYYYYYYYY. Increased lipolysisZZZZZZZZ. Protein catabolism
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36. Alveolar minute ventilation 37. Action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors 38. With reference to the normal human heart : 39. Concerning metabolic alkalosis 40. In the autonomic nervous system 41. Regarding renal regulation of water and sodium 42. The stress response to surgery includes
AAAAAAAAA. Increased glucagon secretionBBBBBBBBB. Reduced insulin secretion
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CCCCCCCCC. Heart failureDDDDDDDDD. Primary hyperaldosteronismEEEEEEEEE. Excessive use of Loop diureticsFFFFFFFFF. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic HormoneGGGGGGGGG. Chlorpropamide treatment
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HHHHHHHHH. Increases surface tension in alveoliIIIIIIIII. Prevents pulmonary oedemaJJJJJJJJJ. Deficiency results in hyaline membrane diseaseKKKKKKKKK. Decreases lungs complianceLLLLLLLLL. Is produced by the type II alveolar cells
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MMMMMMMMM. its osmolality is identical to plasma osmolality .NNNNNNNNN. its glucose content is two-thirds of plasma concentration .OOOOOOOOO. its potassium content is slightly higher than in plasma . PPPPPPPPP. the rate of formation is approximately 150 ml per day. the total volume is
approximately 150 ml. TTFFT QQQQQQQQQ.
RRRRRRRRR. Oxygenated blood is delivered by branches of the hepatic arterySSSSSSSSS. Total blood flow is half of the cardiac outputTTTTTTTTT. It augments blood volume up to 300 mls during haemorrhageUUUUUUUUU. The portal venous pressure is about 10 mmHgVVVVVVVVV. The portal vein has dopaminergic receptors
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WWWWWWWWW. activation of angiotensin IXXXXXXXXX. metabolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesYYYYYYYYY. the synthesis of circulating kallikreinZZZZZZZZZ. histamine metabolismAAAAAAAAAA. the inactivation of circulating adrenaline
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BBBBBBBBBB. is increased in chronic hypoxiaCCCCCCCCCC. has a value approximately 20% of the systemic circulationDDDDDDDDDD. is measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter with a thermistor tipEEEEEEEEEE. is increased by isoprenalineFFFFFFFFFF. is increased when pulmonary venous pressure increased
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GGGGGGGGGG. Blood can flow from the vena cava to the descending aorta without passing through the left atrium or left ventricle
HHHHHHHHHH. Blood from the ductus arteriosus is more saturated than blood from the ductus venosus
IIIIIIIIII. The ductus arteriosus normally closes within 1 hour of birth
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43. Causes of hyponatremia is/are 44. Concerning pulmonary surfactant 45. Regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 46. Regarding liver circulation 47. Non-respiratory functions of the lung includes 48. Pulmonary vascular resistance 49. In the fetus
JJJJJJJJJJ. The foramen ovale closes as a result of pressure reversal between the left atrium and right atrium
KKKKKKKKKK. Transition from fetal to adult circulation result from a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure
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LLLLLLLLLL. heart rate slows transientlyMMMMMMMMMM. intratracheal pressure risesNNNNNNNNNN. left ventricular output has a sustained increaseOOOOOOOOOO. right ventricular output increasesPPPPPPPPPP. systolic arterial pressure falls then rises
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QQQQQQQQQQ. Ductus arteriosus closes after three months (F).RRRRRRRRRR. Glomerulo filtration rate is 1/3 of adult values (T).SSSSSSSSSS. Specific compliance is the same as the adult (T).TTTTTTTTTT. The cardiac output dependent on the heart rate (T).UUUUUUUUUU. Total body water comprises 70% of the neonate (T
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VVVVVVVVVV. equipotent with bupivacaine.WWWWWWWWWW. less CNS toxic than bupivacaine .XXXXXXXXXX. longer lasting than ropivacaine for spinal anaesthesia.YYYYYYYYYY. more cardiotoxic than ropivacaine .ZZZZZZZZZZ. the R(+)-enantiomer of bupivacaine .
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AAAAAAAAAAA. Is a carboxylated imidazole compoundBBBBBBBBBBB. Inhibits adrenal steroid synthesisCCCCCCCCCCC. Presented in 35% propylene glycolDDDDDDDDDDD. Metabolize in the liver by ester hydrolysisEEEEEEEEEEE. Causes more respiratory depression than thiopentone
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FFFFFFFFFFF. it is predominantly antithromboticGGGGGGGGGGG. is a basic protein moleculeHHHHHHHHHHH. protamine heparin complex rarely mediates pulmonary hypertensionIIIIIIIIIII. dose of 1mg is required for every 100u of heparin circulating in blood ( Stoelting
p458)JJJJJJJJJJJ. Hexadimethrine is alternative in patients allergic to
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KKKKKKKKKKK. Frusemide reduces renal blood flowLLLLLLLLLLL. Mannitol has no effect on the renal blood flowMMMMMMMMMMM. Amiloride is a potassium sparing diureticNNNNNNNNNNN. Hyponatremia is more likely in patients taking loop diurtics than thiazide
diurtics e Thiazide act principally on the cortical portion of ascending loops of Henle FFTFT OOOOOOOOOOO.
PPPPPPPPPPP. Acetazolamide acts on the proximal convoluted tubulesQQQQQQQQQQQ. Loop acts on the medullary portion of ascending loops of HenleRRRRRRRRRRR. Thiazide causes metabolic alkalosis as a side effect
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50. When breathing out against a closed glottis, the 51. The following are true about neonatal physiology: 52. Levobupivacaine is 53. Concerning etomidate 54. Protamine55. The following statement regarding Diuretics are true56. Regarding Diuretics (Stoelting p440)
SSSSSSSSSSS. Frusemide enhances aminoglycoside nephrotoxicityTTTTTTTTTTT. Mannitol is used as a prophylaxis against acute renal failure
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UUUUUUUUUUU. Higher respiratory rateVVVVVVVVVVV. Higher airway resistanceWWWWWWWWWWW. Higher physiological dead spaceXXXXXXXXXXX. Almost entirely diaphragmatic ventilationYYYYYYYYYYY. Lower lung compliance
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ZZZZZZZZZZZ. Blood in ductus arteriosus is more saturated than blood in ductus venosusAAAAAAAAAAAA.Blood in the umbilical veins is 50% saturatedBBBBBBBBBBBB. Blood can pass from the inferior vena cava to the aorta without passing
through the heartCCCCCCCCCCCC. The PaO2 in the umbilical artery is 20 mmHgDDDDDDDDDDDD.Blood passing to the brain and arms is better oxygenated than that passing
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EEEEEEEEEEEE. Left ventricular volume is maximal at the end of atrial systoleFFFFFFFFFFFF. The mitral valve closes by contraction of the papillary musclesGGGGGGGGGGGG.The left ventricular pressure is maximal just before the aortic valve opensHHHHHHHHHHHH.The ejection fraction is about 85%IIIIIIIIIIII. The dicrotic notch is due to rebound of the aortic valve
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JJJJJJJJJJJJ. Afterload is the tension (or the arterial pressure) against which the ventricle must contract.
KKKKKKKKKKKK.Preload is dependent of ventricular filling (or end diastolic volume.)LLLLLLLLLLLL. The most important determining factor for preload is venous return.MMMMMMMMMMMM. Afterload for the left ventricle is determined by aortic pressure
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OOOOOOOOOOOO.Decrease in total body waterPPPPPPPPPPPP. Increase gastric emptyingQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Increase total lung capacityRRRRRRRRRRRR. Increase oxygen consumptionSSSSSSSSSSSS. Increase in cardiac output
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TTTTTTTTTTTT. increases the creatinine clearanceUUUUUUUUUUUU.has a renal protective reflex propertyVVVVVVVVVVVV.increases intracellular calcium concentrationWWWWWWWWWWWW. usually increases cardiac output at dose of 2mic/kg/minXXXXXXXXXXXX.splanchnic oxygen requirement is increased
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YYYYYYYYYYYY.They produce their anticoagulant effects by binding to antithrombinZZZZZZZZZZZZ. It acts through inhibition of thrombin induced activation of factor V and VIIAAAAAAAAAAAAA. it does not inhibit platelet functionBBBBBBBBBBBBB.It is present endogenously in Mast cells
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57. Respiratory physiology in the neonate, compared with the adult, shows58. In fetal circulation59. In the cardiac cycle 60. Regarding CVSPreload is the muscle length prior to contractility61. Physiological changes in obesity include 62. Dopamine 63. Regarding Heparin
CCCCCCCCCCCCC.It crosses the placenta
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DDDDDDDDDDDDD. The drug of choice for treatment of Rickettsia is tetracyclineEEEEEEEEEEEEE. The drug of choice for treatment of methicillin resistant staph aureus is
vancomycinFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Probenecid prolongs the duration of action of PenicillinGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Cloxacillin is pencillinase susceptible penicillinsHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Allergic reaction to penicillin is mediated through IgE antibodies
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IIIIIIIIIIIII. Lidocaine was synthesized by Lofgren in 1943JJJJJJJJJJJJJ.Are marketed as water soluble hydrochloric saltKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Ropivacaine was developed as a pure S enantiomerLLLLLLLLLLLLL. pKa of bupivacaine is 8.1MMMMMMMMMMMMM. Elimination half time of bupivacaine is 210 minutes
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NNNNNNNNNNNNN. alter the resting transmembrane potential or threshold potentialOOOOOOOOOOOOO. sodium channels is a specific receptor for local anestheticPPPPPPPPPPPPP. after binding they stabilize inactivated closed states of sodium channelQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. sodium channels in inactivated state are permeable to sodiumRRRRRRRRRRRRR.differential blockade is selective blockade of preganglioic sympathetic B
fibers with low concentration
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SSSSSSSSSSSSS. is time necessary for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease to 50% during the elimination phase
TTTTTTTTTTTTT. it is directly proportional to clearance of drugUUUUUUUUUUUUU. it is directly proportional to VdVVVVVVVVVVVVV. it is independent of the dose of drug administered.WWWWWWWWWWWWW.Amount of drug remaining in the body is related to number of
elimination half times that have elapsed
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XXXXXXXXXXXXX. 25% of blood supply comes from hepatic arteryYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Halothane decreases hepatic oxygen supply to a greater extent than
isoflurane or sevofluraneZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Hepatic autoregulation is not affected by fastingAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Metabolism of drugs occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
of hepatocytesBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Portal venous pressure is 7-10 mm of Hg
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CCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Partly flow from bronchial veins into pulmonary veinsDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Partly from Thebesian veinsEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 10% of total pulmonary blood flowFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Increased by pulmonary hypertensionGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Increased during sleep
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64. Regarding Antibiotics 65. Regarding Local anesthetic agent 66. Regarding local anaesthetic agent 67. Regarding elimination half time 68. In the liver 69. Physiological right-to-left shunt (venous admixture) is
HHHHHHHHHHHHHH. It inhibits true cholinesteraseIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Elimination half time is about 60-120 minutesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is poorly lipid solubleKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Its onset of action is faster than edrophoniumLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Used in treatment of paralytic ileus
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MMMMMMMMMMMMMM. The cations used in the calculation of the anion gap are sodium and potassium
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The anions used in the calculation of the anion gap are chlorides and phosphates
OOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The normal anion gap is between 8 - 10 mmol/LPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Lactic acidosis causes a metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Renal failure causes a metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap
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RRRRRRRRRRRRRR. alveolar oxygen tensionSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. haemoglobin contentTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. cardiac outputUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. arterial carbon dioxide tension TFTTT VVVVVVVVVVVVVV.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Intracellular fluid is approximately twice the volume of the extracellular fluid
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Extracellular volume grossly depleted in intestinal obstructionYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Protein content of interstitial fluid is higher compared to
intracellular fluid and plasmaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Ratio of extracellular / intracellular volume is smaller in infants compared to
adultAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Normal plasma protein oncotic pressure is 25 mm Hg
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BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. The carotid bodiesCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Joint receptors on respiratory musclesDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors in the medullaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Bronchiolar strech receptors via sympathetic stimulationsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Receptors which respond to the hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF
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GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. At age 66, closing capacity is lower than FRC in the upright position.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Air present in the lungs after maximal inspiratory effort is the residual volume
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Normal Vital capacity is about 60-70ml/kgJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. FRC decreases as a patient moved from upright to a supine positionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Vital capacity includes tidal volumes, expiratory reserve volume
and residual volume
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LLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Alveolar pressure is normally atmospheric ( zero . at end- inspiration
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Intrapleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration begins
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70. Regarding Neostigmine 71. Regarding the anion gap 72. The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen depends on 73. Concerning composition of body fluids74. The respiratory center in the brain stem receives input from75. Regarding the lung volumes and capacities :76. Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle in spontaneous ventilation:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Transpulmonary pressure is a combination of alveolar and intrapleural pressure
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is due to a fall in the elastic recoil
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. With forced expiration, the intrapleural pressure exceeds zero.
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QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. normally 0.2 L/ cm H2ORRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. dynamic compliance is usually measured at the end of inspiration
during intermittent positive pressure ventilationSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. increased in emphysemaTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. low lung compliance is associated with rapid and shallow
respirationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. the compliance is different at apical and basal of the lungs
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VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. all the fetal blood returning from the placenta flows directly into inferior vena cava
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. fetal blood carries more oxygen than maternal blood at low PO2
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. umbilical venous blood has a PO2 of 30-40 mmHgYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. blood on the right side of the fetal heart is better oxygenated than
that on the left sideZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. pulmonary vascular resistance is higher than after birth
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal hornBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic
traCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. c fibres which release histamine and serotoninDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cordEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums
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FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liverGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolismHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on
the particle sizeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Highly protein bound drugs have a longer biological half-lifeLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Protein binding is different markedly in arterial and venous bloodMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Free drug concentration is not altered in
hypoalbuminaemics statesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein principally binds to basic drugsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Greater the protein binding, lesser is the volume of distribution
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PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. apply to enzyme- mediated reactions
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77. Regarding lung compliance78. During intrauterine life,79. The pathways of pain sensation include80. Regarding drug administration :81. Regarding protein binding of drugs in plasma :82. First-order processes
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. can properly be described in terms of t1/2SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. are involved in elimination of most drugsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses
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UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constantVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five
half-livesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is
unlikely to affect t1/2.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drugYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives
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ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve timeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Bio-availability of intravenous drug must be less than 100%BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gutCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liverDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route.
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EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drugFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the rightGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonistHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.will affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptorIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. need not have a close structural similarity to the agonist
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JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. LignocaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.MorphineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. PropofolMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Levo-bupivacaineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Vecuronium
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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.dose administeredPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. volume of distributionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.hepatic clearanceRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. rate of injectionSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. cardiac output
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TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Is insoluble in waterUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Reduces sodium channel opening times in neuronal membranesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Is hypertonicXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Does not cause tachycardia
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83. The following statements about drug half-life are correct :84. Regarding of bio-availability of drugs :85. A competitive antagonist86. The following drugs are excreted largely unchanged by the kidney :87. Factors which affect the peak effect of intravenous anaesthetics include88. Regarding propofol :
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. causes a fall in cardiac output and a rise in heart rateAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is contraindicated in patients with raised intracranial
pressureBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. has active metabolitesCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. causes postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less
frequent in children
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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Has t 1/2 of less than 2 hoursEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Is water soluble at pH of 6FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Has an active metaboliteGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Can have a prolonged effect if it given with erythromycinHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Bioavailability following intramuscular injection is 90 %
TFTTT
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. The blood gas partition co-efficient of desflurane is 0.42JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Desflurane will cause sympathetic stimulationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Sevoflurane can degrade to compound A in soda limeLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Desflurane is suitable for inhalational inductionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Desflurane can be used in halothane vaporizer
TTTFF
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Is quicker in patients with high FRCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Is quicker if the agent is very soluble in bloodPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is slower in the presence of right to left shuntQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is unchanged in the presence of left to right shunt with
normal systemic flowRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is quicker when used with nitrous oxide
FFTTT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is stored as liquidTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigradeUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. cylinders should have filling ratio of 0.65-0.75VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. content in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure
gaugeWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is 34 times less soluble than N2.
TTTTF
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Morphine acts on kappa receptorsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The effect of stimulation of sigma receptors is dysphoria
and hallucinationZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Euphoria is due to stimulation of delta receptorsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Nalorphine antagonizes kappa receptorsBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Pentazocine is partial agonist
TTFFT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is structurally related to morphineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is
35 minutes
- 14 -
89. Ketamine90. Regarding Midazolam :91. Regarding inhalational agents :92. The speed of induction with inhalational agents93. Nitrous oxide94. Regarding opioid receptors :95. Pethidine
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedation
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphine
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. about 60% is bound to plasma proteins
TFFTF
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Nalorphine induces antidiuretic effectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent as nalorphineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Naloxone precipitates a withdrawal syndrome after chronic doses of
pentazocineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Naloxone is metabolized and excreted by the kidneysLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent when given orally as compared
with parenteral administration
FFTFF
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. is an aminostereroidNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stable in aqueous solutionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. undergoes principally hepatic eliminationPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. has provide intubating conditions within 60 secondsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. It release histamine
TTTTF
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. can act at central cholinergic receptorsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. can increase the physiological dead spaceTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. dilate the pupilUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. is equally effective when given orallyVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is five times potent as antisialagogue than atropine
FTFFT
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is a bronchodilatorXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is released in postsynaptic sympathetic nerve endingsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. differs from noradrenaline by having an extra methyl
groupZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is commonly used with local anesthetics in a concentration of 1 :
80,00AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. will elevate the blood sugar
TFTFT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is a phenanthrene derivativeCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is the analgesic of choice in biliary colicDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. has an anticholinergic effectEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. decreases intracranial pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is a good anticonvulsant
TFTFF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. increase the risk of regurgitationHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is contraindicated intravenously in glaucomaIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. causes hyperthermiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is equipotent with hyoscine as antisialogogueKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. dose of 2-3 mg intravenously block the vagal nerve
completely
- 15 -
96. Regarding narcotic antagonists :97. Rocuronium98. Glycopyrrolate99. Adrenaline100.Morphine 101.Atropine
TFTFT
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Blocks ?2-receptors more than ?1-receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Is a non-competitive antagonistNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Causes reflex tachycardiaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Reduces supine blood pressure in normal subjectsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Elimination half life is 24 hours
FTTTT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. MannitolRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. PhysostigmineSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. GlycopyrollateTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. AtracuriumUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Propofol
FTFFT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Primary site of action is in the loop of HenleWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Causes hyperuricaemiaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Enhances the excretion of calciumYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 80% is excreted in the urine as unchanged
TTTFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. is affected by differential regional blood flowEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is high in hydrophilic drugs
FTTTF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Act mainly by increasing the secretion of insulinGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Reduce plasma cholesterol levelHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Highly protein-boundIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Increase the peripheral uptake of the glucoseJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Cause cholestatic jaundice
TTTFT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Morphine forms a conjugated glucuronideLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Phenytoin is a drug metabolism inducerMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Laudanosine is produced by Hofmann
degradation of atracuriumNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Pethidine metabolism requires catechol-o-
methyltransferaseOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Hydrolysis is a phase II of drug metabolism
TTTFF
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. All ions including hydrogen ions!QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Mid to large polar molecules including glucose
- 16 -
102.Regarding phenoxybenzamine 103.Drugs readily cross the blood-brain barrier 104.Regarding frusemide 105.The volume of distribution of a drug 106.Concerning sulphonylureas 107.Regarding drug metabolism 108.The substances that cannot pass through cell membrane easily are
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Amino acidsSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharidesTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. oxygen
TTTTF
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Simple diffusionVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. OsmosisWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Facilitated Diffusion eg Simple protein
channelsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. EndocytosisYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Bulk flow mechanisms
TTTFF
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. the rate of uptake is increased if ventilation increasesAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.induction is more rapid if cardiac output decreasesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. induction is less rapid with less soluble agentCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. the effect of changing cardiac output on the rate of uptake
Will be greater with a more soluble agentDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.the second-gas effect allows the maintenance
concentration of
TTFTF
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a partial agonist at ?2-adrenoceptorsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.cause hypertension if infused intravenouslyGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is well absorbed when taken orallyHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.anxiety is an important side-effectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. reduces cardiac contractility
TFTFF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. activation of angiotensin IKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.metabolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. the synthesis of circulating kallikreinMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. the inactivation of circulating
bradykininNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.the inactivation of circulating adrenaline
TTTTF
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.potentiated by inhalational anaesthetic vapoursPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.when given in repeated doses can be described as dual blockQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Attenuated by intraperitoneal tobramycinRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. potentiated in patients with multiple neurofibromatosisSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Attenuated in hypoproteinaemia
TFFTF
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. ED95 represents the potency of NMB drug in the presence of N20-barbiturate opioid anesthesia
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.NMB drugs affect small muscles before diaphragmVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Adductor pollicis monitoring is a poor indicator of
laryngeal relaxationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. TOF stimulation reflects events in the
post junctional membraneXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.A single twitch response evoked reflects events in
- 17 -
109.The Passive transport mechanisms are110.When considering the uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 111.Clonidine112.Recognised non-respiratory functions of the lung include113.The actions of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs114.Regarding NMBlockade
TTTFF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.increases surface tension differentially in differently sized alveoli
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. helps prevent pulmonary oedemaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. increases alveolar ciliary motionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. aids diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary
capillaryCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is secreted by the type II alveolar cells
FTFFT
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. is increased in chronic hypoxiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. has a value approximately one-sixth that of the systemic
circulationFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. can be measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter
with a thermistor tipGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is decreased by isoprenalineHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
TTT?T
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Autoregulation occurs in most vascular bedsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Potassium causes vasoconstrictionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Endothelin is an extremely potent vasoconstrictorLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxideMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Adenosine produces endothelium-
independent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
TFTTT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasma
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is affected by differential regional blood flowRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. will be relatively low if hydrophilic and extensively bound
to plasma proteins
FTTTT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. has its primary site of action in the loop of HenleTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. commonly causes hyperuricaemiaUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. enhances the excretion of calciumVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. reduces the efficacy of concurrently
prescribed lithium
TTTFF
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment model
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drug
- 18 -
115.Pulmonary surfactant116.Pulmonary vascular resistance in adults117.In the local regulation of the microcirculation 118.The volume of distribution of a drug119.Frusemide120.The volume of distribution of a drug
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasma
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is affected by differential regional blood flowBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. will be relatively low if hydrophilic and
extensively bound to plasma proteins
FTTTT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. the intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mg/kg/minDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. metabolism to cynide occurs non-enzymetically
in bloodEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. metabolism produces thiocynate which is excreted in urineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. it produces dilation predominantly of resistance vesselsGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. reduces renal blood flow
FTTFF
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. prolongs action potential duration in SA nodeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. shorten repolarisation in AV nodeJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. cause photosensitivityKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. will have effect on thyroid function on long
treatmentLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjee system
TFTTT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine
TFTFF
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is a pure R enantiomerSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is more cardiotoxic than bupivacaineTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. produces a motor block of more pronounced degree and
duration than bupivacaineUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. gives rise to a sensory block that is similar to
bupivacaineVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is more lipid soluble than bupivacaine
FFFTF
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal symptoms
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin action
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours after administration
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and antimuscarinic actions
- 19 -
121.Sodium nitroprusside122.Regarding amiodarone123.With regard to local anaesthetics:124.Ropivacaine125.Regarding antiemetic drugs
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.
TFFTF
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. alpha-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate noradrenaline release
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. beta-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. alpha-1 agonists decrease intracellular calciumEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. adrenaline has alpha-1 and alpha -2 actions and beta-1 and
beta-2 actionsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. beta-2 agonists cause uterine relaxation
FTFTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Frusemide inhibits the chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Thiazides causes hypokalaemic acidosisIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Ethacrynic acid increases the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ionJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Xanthines decrease the glomerular filtration rateKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Duration of action of frusamide will last for 4
hours
FFTFT
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. is beta-1 selective blockerMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. has an elimination half-life of 9 minutesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is metabolise by plasma pseudocholinesteraseOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. has histamine releasePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is useful in management of supraventicular arrhytmias
TTFFT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. adrenaline causes alpha and beta-1 and beta-2 stimulation, while noradrenaline stimulates alpha and beta-1 not beta-2 activity
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. isoprenaline has more beta than alpha effect on the heart
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. dopamine increases peripheral resistance, dobutamine reduces it
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. dopexamine causes dilatation of renal, cerebral, coronary and mesenteric beds
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. nitroglycerine causes mainly arterial vasodilatation, nitroprusside mainly venous dilatation
TTTTF
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. has molecular weight between 3000-60,000 daltons
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. acts by binding to antithrombin III
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. has antiplatetelet activityYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. prolongs the prothrombin timeZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. has a shorter duration of action than low molecular weight
heparin
TTTFT
- 20 -
126.Of the sympathomimetic drugs127.Regarding diuretics128.Regarding esmolol129.Drugs actions on the cardiovascular system include130.Heparin
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. degree of ionizationBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. degree of protein bindingCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. placental blood flowDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. pK of the drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.lipid solubility of the drug
TTFTT
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. FiltrationGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Passive diffusionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Facilitated diffusionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.Active transportJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Secondary active transport
FTFFF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. The SA node develops from the structures on the right side of the embryo
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.His-purkinje have the fastest conduction velocities in the heart
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Atrial conduction is slowed by a decrease in temperature
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The PR interval represents the duration of atrial depolarization
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Final repolarization is due to activation of calcium channels
TTTFF
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. The main blood supply to the AV node is from right coronary artery
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Mean arterial pressure is more determinant of myocardial blood flow than arterial diastolic pressure
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow bear a linear relationship
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Coronary blood flow will be improved by slowing the heart rate
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70 %.
TFTTT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. the first heart sound coincides with the onset of ventricular systole
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. cardiac output is approximately 75mls/beat
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP . is about 5 mmHg
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG
FTTTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.an increase in sympathetic activityAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressureBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. a decrease in baroreceptor activity
- 21 -
131.The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are132.Oxygen is transport from the alveoli into the blood in pulmonary capillaries by133.In the conducting system of the heart134.Regarding coronary blood flow135.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position136.Regarding the autoregulatory mechanisms in acute hypovolaemia
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. an increase in arteriovenous oxygen content difference
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.an increase in angiotension II.
TFTFT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. increased carotid sinus pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. increased right atrial pressureGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.application of pressure of the eye ballHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.following the release of a valsalva manoeuvreIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. expiration
TTTTF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. sympathetic nerve terminal supplying the heartKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.sympathetic nerve terminal at the adrenal
medullaLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. parasympathetic nerve terminal supplying the
lacrimal glandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. sympathetic nerve terminal
supplying sweat glandNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.sympathetic ganglia
FTTTT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Normally about 20% of renal plasma flowPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. GFR is directly proportional to systemic arterial pressureQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Tubular function is more important than GFR in
determining the rate of urine productionRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Blood in efferent arteriole is more viscous than
that in afferent arterioleSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Glomerular filtration is a type of ultrafiltration
TFFFT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Is calculated from plasma concentration of sodium, bicarbonate and phosphate
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.The normal value is between 15-18 mmol/lVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Is normal in renal tubular acidosisWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. High in aspirin overdoseXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Is decreased when plasma albumin is decreased
FFTTT
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Fibrinogen is present in low concentrations in patients with liver disease
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Calcium ions are required to convert fibrin monomer to fibrin threads
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Heparin is secreted by circulating eosinophil cells.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Haemophiliacs have a lack of factor VIII and IXCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Normal prothrombin time is between 20s and
30s.
TTFTF
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Thick ascending limb of loop dilutes the filtrates by its powerful sodium pumps
- 22 -
137.In normal resting condition , a bradycardia would be expected to occur following138.Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at139.Concerning glomerular filtration140.The anion gap141.Concerning of blood coagulation :142.Regarding the passage of glomerular filtrate through the renal tubules :
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. A substance suitable for measuring glomerular filtration rate should be absorbed or secreted by tubules
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Distal tubule is normally impermeable to waterGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Glucose is absent in the filtrate in Loop
of HenleHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Sodium concentration in descending
limb of loop is same as that in distal convulated tubule
TFTTF
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sensitize the myocardium to catecholaminesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. lower the plasma cholesterolKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. increase the formation of messenger
RNAsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduce albumin synthesisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. iodine is absorbed from
gastrointestinal tract in ionized form
TTTFT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is about 1-2 U/ hour in the basal stateOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is increased 5-10 times following
ingestion of foodPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is increased by glucagonsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is depressed in starvationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is increased in perioperative period
TTTTF
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. vagal blockadeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. mechanical obstructionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. stimulation of splanchnic nervesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. pregnancyWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. neostigmine
FTFFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wide
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The postjunctional membrane is thrown into folds
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunitsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine
receptor have to be activated for the channel to openBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and
acetic acid
TTTTF
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. receives most of its blood supply from the portal vein
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. involve in vasopressin metabolism and inactivation
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. produces heparinFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. has a normal portal venous pressure of greater
than 20mmHgGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. receives approximately 25% of the
cardiac output
- 23 -
143.Thyroid hormones will144.Insulin secretion145.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by146.Regarding the neuromuscular junction:147.The liver
TTFFT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Brain receives 15% of cardiac outputIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Cerebral blood flow rises by 2% for each mm rise in PaCO2JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Volatile anaesthetics reduce cerebral blood flowKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Volatile anaesthetics can impair the
autoregulation of cerebral blood flowLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Cerebral blood flow is relatively constant
between CPP of 50-150 mmHg.
TTFTT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Normal specific gravity is between 1.003 and 1.009
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The rate of formation is increased if the intracranial pressure rises.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. The pressure normally alters with respiration.
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. CSF glucose level is independent on plasma glucose level
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. CSF flow will passes into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi.
TFTFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is associated with Bohr effect in hypercapnia.SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is favoured by a rise in temperatureTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. favours the passage of oxygen from blood to
tissuesUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. occurs when fetal blood is replaced by
adult bloodVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. occurs in stored blood
TTTTF
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. 1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobically
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolism
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fatsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Aerobic glycolysis is a process when
pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and H2O
TFFFT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Sympathetic block up to T4CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Increased circulating adrenalineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. stimulation of splanchnic nervesEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. pregnancyFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Anticholinesterase drug
TFFFT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. kidneys have less ability to excrete a concentrated urine
- 24 -
148.Regarding cerebral blood flow :149.Regarding cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF . :150.A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right151.In cell metabolism152.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by153.Compared with that of a normal adult, the newborn infant's
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. blood - brain barrier is less permeable to bilirubin
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. heat regulation is more efficient because of its ability to metabolise brown fat
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blood has greater affinity for oxygen at low oxygen pressuresKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. carbohydrate reserve is greater
TFFTF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Plasma constitutes a quarter of extracellular fluid volume
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Extracellular volume grossly depleted in intestinal obstruction
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Protein content of interstitial fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and plasma
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Ratio of extracellular / intracellular volume is smaller in infants compared to adult
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Normal osmolality of plasma is 280 mosmoles /kg.
TTFFT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Alveolar pressre rises to allow inspiratory flow to occur
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Intrapleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration begins
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Alveolar pressure is positive during expirationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is
due to a fall in the elastic recoilUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. With forced expiration, the intrapleural
pressure exceeds zero.
FTTFT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is normally 15-25 mmHg while breathing room air
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. is increased under anaesthesia due to increased ventilation/ perfusion mismatch
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is decreased in one lung ventilationYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. is increased in the presence of right to
left intracardiac shuntsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is decreased in excessive exercise
TTFTF
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is normally 0.2 L/ cm H2OBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. reduces with loss of pulmonary
surfactantCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is increased in emphysemaDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. increases after induction of general
anaesthesiaEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is different at apical and basal of the lungs
TFTFT
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Have cells which responds to increase in arterial PH.
- 25 -
154.Concerning composition of body fluids155.Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle :156.Alveolar- arterial oxygen difference ( A-a DO2 )157.Lung compliance158.Regarding the carotid bodies :
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Have the highest blood flow ( ml/ unit weight ) in the body
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Stimulate maximally the respiratory drive when PaO2 35-70 mmHg
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. It"s discharge is increased by anaemiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. The afferent nerve is via glossopharyngeal nerve.
FTTFT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. ventilation per unit lung volume is smallest at the apex of the lungs.
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. basal alveoli are bigger than apical alveoliMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. basal alveoli expand
more than apical alveoli during inspirationNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. pleural pressure is less negative at the
base of lungsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. last part of the expired air comes from
the apical alveoli.
TFTTT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Subendocardium is more vulnerable to ischaemia than epicardium
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Adenosine is a coronary vasodilator.RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Myocardial oxygen consumption and
coronary blood flow bear a linear relationshipSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Coronary blood flow will be improved by
slowing the heart rateTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70
%.
TTTTT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. the first heart sound coincides with the onset of ventricular systole
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. cardiac output is approximately 75mls/beat
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP ) is about 5 mmHg
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG
FTTTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. The most rapidly conducting fibres in the heart are purkinje fibres
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The last part of the ventricle to be activated is the apex
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. The duration of an action potential in the ventricular muscle fibre is about the same as in a skeletal muscle fibre
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. The T wave of the ECG occurs at the beginning of the absolute refractory period of the ventricle
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Left axis deviation leads to abnormally large R wave in standard limb lead 1.
TFFFF
- 26 -
159.In an awake upright spontaneously breathing patient160.Regarding coronary blood flow161.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position162.With reference to the normal human heart :
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.increased carotid sinus pressureFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. increased right atrial pressureGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.application of pressure of the eye ballHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.following the release of a valsalva
manoeuvreIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. expiration
TTTTF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholine
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.postganglionic sympathetic fibres release cathecolamines, except at sweat and adrenal glands, where acetylcholine is released
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. sympathetic effects are more localized than parasympathetic actions
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.parasympathetic stimulation increases bladder emptying
TFTFF
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.depends on active transport of sodium and chloride out of ascending loop of Henle
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. allows an osmolality of 1200 mosmoles/kg in distal tubules
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.occurs predominantly in the cortical nephrons
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. relies on the free movement of water and electrolytes across the walls of vasa recta
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. depends on a low concentration of urea in the medullary interstitium
TFFTF
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Plasma sodium concentrationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Glomerular filtration rateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Circulating renin levelsWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Distal tubular fluid
anion concentrationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Plasma hydrogen ion concentration
TTTTF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Fibrinogen is present in low concentrations in patients with liver disease
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Calcium ions are required to convert fibrin monomer to fibrin threads
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Heparin is secreted by circulating eosinophil cells.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Haemophiliacs have a lack of factor VIII and IX
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Normal prothrombin time is between 20s and 30s.
TTFTF
- 27 -
163.In normal resting condition , a bradycardia would be expected to occur following164.In the autonomic nervous system,165.The countercurrent concentrating mechanism in kidney166.Factors determining urinary sodium loss include :167.Concerning of blood coagulation :
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Thick ascending limb of loop dilutes the filtrates by its powerful sodium pumps
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. A substance suitable for measuring glomerular filtration rate should be absorbed or secreted by tubules
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Distal tubule is normally impermeable to waterGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Glucose is absent in the filtrate
in Loop of HenleHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Sodium concentration in
descending limb of loop is same as that in distal convulated tubule
TFTTF
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sensitize the myocardium to catecholaminesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. lower the plasma cholesterolKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. increase the formation of
messenger RNAsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduce albumin synthesisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. iodine is absorbed
from gastrointestinal tract in ionized form
TTTFT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is about 1-2 U/ hour in the basal state
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is increased 5-10 times following ingestion of food
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is increased by glucagonsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is depressed in starvationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is increased in perioperative period
TTTTF
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. vagal blockadeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. mechanical obstructionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. stimulation of splanchnic
nervesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. pregnancyWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. neostigmine
FTFFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wide
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. The postjunctional membrane is thrown into folds
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunits
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine receptor have to be activated for the channel to open
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetic acid
TTTTF
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. receives most of its blood supply from the portal vein
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. involve in vasopressin metabolism and inactivation
- 28 -
168.Regarding the passage of glomerular filtrate through the renal tubules :169.Thyroid hormones will170.Insulin secretion171.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by172.Regarding the neuromuscular junction:173.The liver
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. produces heparinFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. has a normal portal venous pressure of greater
than 20mmHgGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. receives approximately 25% of
the cardiac output
TTFFT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Brain receives 15% of cardiac output
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Cerebral blood flow rises by 2% for each mm rise in PaCO2JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Volatile anaesthetics reduce cerebral blood flowKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Volatile anaesthetics can
impair the autoregulation of cerebral blood flowLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Cerebral blood flow is relatively
constant between CPP of 50-150 mmHg.
TTFTT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Total volume is 250-300ml.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Produce by choroids plexuses in the rate of 3ml/min
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Normal CSF protein level is 0.2-0.4 g/ L.
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. CSF glucose level is independent on plasma glucose level
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. CSF flow will passes into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi.
FFTFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is associated with Bohr effect in hypercapnia.
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is favoured by a rise in temperatureTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. favours the passage of oxygen from
blood to tissuesUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. occurs when fetal blood is
replaced by adult bloodVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. occurs in stored blood
TTTTF
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. absent p waves in ECG
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. chronic ACE inhibitor intakeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. decreased serum bicarbonate
levelZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. suxamethonium administration in
immediate burnAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. aldosterone deficiency
TTTFT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. kidneys have less ability to excrete a concentrated urine
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. blood - brain barrier is less permeable to bilirubin
- 29 -
174.Regarding cerebral blood flow :175.Regarding cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) :176.A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right177.Severe hyperkalaemia is associated with178.Compared with that of a normal adult, the newborn infant's
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. heat regulation is more efficient because of its ability to metabolise brown fat
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. blood has greater affinity for oxygen at low oxygen pressures
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.carbohydrate reserve is greater
TFFTF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. all the fetal blood returning from the placenta flows directly into inferior vena cava
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. fetal blood carries more oxygen than maternal blood at low PO2
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. umbilical venous blood has a PO2 of 30-40 mmHgJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blood on the right side of the fetal heart is better
oxygenated than that on the left sideKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. pulmonary vascular resistance
is higher than after birth
FFTTF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Plasma volumeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. FibrinogenNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Gastric emptying timeOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Glucose tolerancePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Arterial PaCO2
TTTFF
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is released via coronary sinusRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is potent vasodilatorSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Improves renal blood flowTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Increases the glomerular filtration rateUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Augment the release of ADH
TTTTF
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal horn
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic tra
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. c fibres which release histamine and serotonin
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cord
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums
TFFFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liver
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolism
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle size
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal route
- 30 -
179.During intrauterine life,180.The following increase during pregnancy :181.Atrial natriuretic peptide182.The pathways of pain sensation include183.Regarding drug administration :
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio
TFTFF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Highly protein bound drugs have a longer biological half-life
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Protein binding is different markedly in arterial and venous blood
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Free drug concentration is not altered in hypoalbuminaemics states
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein principally binds to basic drugsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Greater the protein binding, lesser is the volume of
distribution
TFFTT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. apply to enzyme- mediated reactions
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. can properly be described in terms of t1/2
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. are involved in elimination of most drugs
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses
TTFTT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constant
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five half-lives
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is unlikely to affect t1/2.
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drug
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives
TTFFT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve time
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Bio-availability of intravenous drug must be less than 100%
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gut
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liver
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route.
TFTTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drug
- 31 -
184.Regarding protein binding of drugs in plasma :185.First-order processes186.The following statements about drug half-life are correct :187.Regarding of bio-availability of drugs :188.A competitive antagonist
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the right
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonist
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. will affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptor
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.need not have a close structural similarity to the agonist
TTFFT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. LignocaineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. MorphineGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.PropofolHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.Levo-bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.Vecuronium
FFFFF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. dose administeredKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.volume of distributionLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. hepatic clearanceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. rate of
injectionNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.cardiac output
TFFTT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Is insoluble in waterPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Reduces sodium channel
opening times in neuronal membranesRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is hypertonicSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Does not cause tachycardia
TTTFT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. has marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.causes a fall in cardiac output and a rise in heart rate
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is contraindicated in patients with raised intracranial pressure
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. has active metabolites
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.causes postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less frequent in children
TFTTT
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Has t 1/2 of less than 2 hoursZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is water soluble at pH of 6AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Has an active
metaboliteBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Can have a prolonged effect if
it given with erythromycinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Bioavailability following
intramuscular injection is 90 %
- 32 -
189.The following drugs are excreted largely unchanged by the kidney :190.Factors which affect the peak effect of intravenous anaesthetics include191.Regarding propofol :192.Ketamine193.Regarding Midazolam :
TFTTT
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. The blood gas partition co-efficient of desflurane is 0.42
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Desflurane will cause sympathetic stimulation
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Sevoflurane can degrade to compound A in soda lime
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Desflurane is suitable for inhalational induction
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. Desflurane can be used in halothane vaporizer
TTTFF
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is quicker in patients with high FRCJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is quicker if the agent is very soluble in bloodKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Is slower in the
presence of right to left shuntLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Is unchanged in the presence of
left to right shunt with normal systemic flowMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Is quicker
when used with nitrous oxide
FFTTT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stored as liquidOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is a gas above a
temperature of 36 degree centigradePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. cylinders should have filling ratio of
0.65-0.75QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. content in a cylinder is
always reflected from its pressure gaugeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is 34 times less soluble than
N2.
TTTTF
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Morphine acts on kappa receptorsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. The effect of stimulation of
sigma receptors is dysphoria and hallucinationUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Euphoria is due to
stimulation of delta receptorsVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Nalorphine
antagonizes kappa receptorsWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. Pent
azocine is partial agonist
TTFFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. is structurally related to morphine
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is 35 minutes
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedation
- 33 -
194.Regarding inhalational agents :195.The speed of induction with inhalational agents196.Nitrous oxide197.Regarding opioid receptors :198.Pethidine
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphine
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. about 60% is bound to plasma proteins
TFFTF
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Nalorphine induces antidiuretic effect
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent as nalorphine
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Naloxone precipitates a withdrawal syndrome after chronic doses of pentazocine
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Naloxone is metabolized and excreted by the kidneys
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Naloxone is one-fifth as potent when given orally as compared with parenteral administration
FFTFF
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is an aminostereroidIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is stable in aqueous solutionJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. undergoes principally hepatic eliminationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has provide intubating
conditions within 60 secondsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. It release histamine
TTTTF
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. can act at central cholinergic receptors
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. can increase the physiological dead space
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. dilate the pupilPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is equally effective when given orallyQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. is five times potent as
antisialagogue than atropine
FTFFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is a bronchodilatorSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is released in postsynaptic sympathetic
nerve endingsTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. differs from noradrenaline by
having an extra methyl groupUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. is commonly used
with local anesthetics in a concentration of 1 : 80,00VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. will elevate the blood
sugar
TFTFT
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW. prolongs action potential duration in SA node
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. shorten repolarisation in AV node
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. cause photosensitivity
- 34 -
199.Regarding narcotic antagonists :200.Rocuronium201.Glycopyrrolate202.Adrenaline203.Regarding amiodarone
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. will have effect on thyroid function on long treatment
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjee system
TFTTT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.act by preventing sodium acces to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection, the longest durations follow major peripheral nerve blocks
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine
TFTFF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is a pure R enantiomerHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is more cardiotoxic
than bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. produces a motor block of more pronounced degree and
duration than bupivacaineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. gives rise to a sensory block that is similar to bupivacaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is more lipid soluble
than bupivacaine
FFFTF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Those which act as antidopaminergic agents can cause extrapyramidal symptoms
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. Domperidone reduces vomiting by an antiserotonin action
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Extrapyramidal symptoms after administration of droperidol are unlikely 6 hours after administration
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Phenothiazine reduce nausea and vomiting by anti dopaminergic, antihistamine and antimuscarinic actions
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Metoclopramide and cyclizine have primarily anticholinergic actions.
TFFTF
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. alpha-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate noradrenaline release
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.beta-2 adrenergic drugs stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. alpha-1 agonists decrease intracellular calcium
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. adrenaline has alpha-1 and alpha -2 actions and beta-1 and beta-2 actions
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. beta-2 agonists cause uterine relaxation
FTFTT
- 35 -
204.With regard to local anaesthetics:205.Ropivacaine206.Regarding antiemetic drugs207.Of the sympathomimetic drugs
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Frusemide inhibits the chloride reabsorption in the distal tubules
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Thiazides causes hypokalaemic acidosisXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Ethacrynic acid
increases the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ionYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Xanthines decrease
the glomerular filtration rateZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Duration of action of frusamide
will last for 4 hours
FFTFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is beta-1 selective blocker
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. has an elimination half-life of 9 minutes
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is metabolise by plasma pseudocholinesterase
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. has histamine releaseEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is useful in management of
supraventicular arrhytmias
TTFFT
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. adrenaline causes alpha and beta-1 and beta-2 stimulation, while noradrenaline stimulates alpha and beta-1 not beta-2 activity
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. isoprenaline has more beta than alpha effect on the heart
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. dopamine increases peripheral resistance, dobutamine reduces it
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. dopexamine causes dilatation of renal, cerebral, coronary and mesenteric beds
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. nitroglycerine causes mainly arterial vasodilatation, nitroprusside mainly venous dilatation
TTTTF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has molecular weight between 3000-60,000 daltons
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. acts by binding to antithrombin III
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. has antiplatetelet activity
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. prolongs the prothrombin time
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. has a shorter duration of action than low molecular weight heparin
TTTFT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. degree of ionizationQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. degree of protein
bindingRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. placental blood flowSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. pK of the drugTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. lipid solubility of the drug
- 36 -
208.Regarding diuretics209.Regarding esmolol210.Drugs actions on the cardiovascular system include211.Heparin212.The factors affecting the rate of transport of a drug across the placenta are
TTFTT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. A person of group O is a universal recipient
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. A person of group B always has anti-A agglutinins in his plasma
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.In an incompatible blood transfusion reaction, donor cells are lysed by recipient antibodiesXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Disseminated
intravascular coagulopathy is one of complication of mis-matched transfusionYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. For ABO
incompatibility, samples of recipient and donor should be taken for analysis.
FTTTF
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. have stretch receptors in their walls
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.give afferent impulses via the glossopharyngeal nerve
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. stimulate the respiratory centre
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. contain chemoreceptors
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.stimulate the vasomotor centre
TTFFT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. an increase in sympathetic activity
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.a decrease in baroreceptor activity
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.an incease in arteriovenous oxygen content difference
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. an increase in angiotension II.
TFTFT
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. approximately 5% of the cardiac outputKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has diastolic pressure
as its determinantLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. reduced in severe tachycardiaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM. basi
cally under humoral controlNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.reduced in hypoxia.
TTTFF
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.at the time of the second heart sound
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. during ventricular diastoleQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.during atrial systoleRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. at the beginning of the
refractory periodSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. during repolarization of the
ventricles
- 37 -
213.Concerning the ABO blood groups:214.The carotid sinuses215.Regarding the autoregulatory mechanisms in acute hypovolaemia216.Coronary artery flow in adult is217.The T wave of the ECG occurs
TFFFT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. sympathetic nerve terminal supplying the heart
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.sympathetic nerve terminal at the adrenal medulla
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.parasympathetic nerve terminal supplying the lacrimal gland
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.sympathetic nerve terminal supplying sweat glandXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.sympathetic ganglia
FTTTT
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.The air inspired with the a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of tidal volume is inspiratory reserve volume
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Air present in the lungs after maximal inspiratory effort is the residual volume
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Vital capacity is decreased in asthma
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Normal maximal voluntary ventilation is 250-300 L/min
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Vital capacity includes tidal volumes, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
TFTFF
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by norepinephrine
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. beta-2-agonists cause bronchoconstriction
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. pulmonary vascular resistance is increased by serotonin
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by histamine
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. pulmonary vascular resistance is decreased by norepinephrine
FFTTF
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is produced by the type I alveolar cellsJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. increases alveolar ciliary motionKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is decreased
by increased FiO2LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. aids diffusion from the alveolus
to the pulmonary capillaryMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.appears at about 24 weeks of gestation.
FFTFT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. increases with increasing lung volumes
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. can be measured by fowler's method
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Increases with hypoventilation
- 38 -
218.Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at219.Regarding the lung volumes and capacities :220.In normal human lungs;221.Pulmonary surfactant 222.In fit adult person, anatomical dead space
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is reduced when neck is flexed
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is increased in pulmonary embolism
TTFTT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Dependent parts of the lung receive greater blood flow than nondependent lungs.
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Amount of blood in the pulmonary circulation is between 0.5 to 1.0 L
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Pulmonary blood volume increases from erect to supine position
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Barbiturate administration causes a rise in a pulmonary blood volume
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Pulmonary vascular pressures are between one-sixth to one-tenth of the systemic arterial pressure.
TTTFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen is about 3.5 ml/100g of brain per min.
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. hypoxia cause cerebral vasodilatation
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. autoregulation is impaired in the presence of intracerebral tumor
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. chronic hypertension shift the autoregulatory curve to the left
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. volatile anaesthetics will increase cerebral blood flow.
TTTFT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is formed by secretion and filtration of plasma
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. total volume is 300-400 ml
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. leaves the 3rd vetricles via the foramen of Magendie
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. glucose level is dependent on plasma glucose level
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. has higher sodium level compare to plasma sodium
TFFTF
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. in the red blood cells
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. as carbonic acid , which is bufferedJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. in direct combination with reduced haemoglobinKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. as phosphate
estersLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. combined with plasma
protein
TTTFF
- 39 -
223.Regarding Pulmonary circulation224.Regarding cerebral circulation225.Cerebrospinal fluid226.Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Pain fibres (A-? and C-fibres. are unmylinatedNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. The larger
fibres are more susceptible to local anaestheticsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. conduction
involves sodium and chloride permeabilityPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Conduction is fastest in
mylinated fibresQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Resting
membrane potential is +90 millivolts
FFFTF
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. 1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobically
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolism
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fats
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Aerobic glycolysis is a process when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and H2O
TFFFT
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Absorb most of water and salt of the glomerular filtrateXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. reabsorb all
the glucose in the glomerular filtrateYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. contain
juxtaglomerular cell which secret reninZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. are the main target
cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH.AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. it is
responsible for reducing the volume of glomerular filtrate by 80%
TTFFT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. sodium ionsCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. magnesium ionsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. proteinsEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. hydrogen ionsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. bicarbonate ions
FTTTF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. has longer refractory period
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. depolarises spontaneously
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. has intercalated discJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. can only contract isometricallyKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. has a lower
extraction ratio for oxygen
TTTFF
- 40 -
227.Regarding nerve fibres: 228.In cell metabolism229.The proximal convoluted tubules230.Compared with extracellular fluid , the intracellular fluid contains a greater concentration of :231.Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that it :
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. represents 15% of the total cardiac output
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.the portal vein oxygen saturation is normally 85 %NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. symphatetic
activation results in a decrease hepatic blood flowOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. the portal
vein pressure is normally 40 mmHgPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. 70 % of the hepatic blood flow
in adults is derived from the hepatic artery
FTTFF
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. free nerve endings are the receptors that responds to pain stimuli
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. sharp pain is conducted in the C fibers rather than the A-delta fibers
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. enters the spinal cord via the anterior horn cell
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. travels up the cord in the ipsilateral spinothalamic tract
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. enters the thalamus through the reticular formation
TFFFT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. it is controlled by thyrotropine releasing hormone
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.it increases activity of iodin pump in thyroid glandXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. it reduced
number of thyroid cellsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. it is produced
by somatotropic cellZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a glycoprotein with
molecular weight about 28000
FTTFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Factor VIII is common to both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Calcium ions is a factor in blood coagulation
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Heparin inhibit platelets aggregation
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Effects of warfarin may be monitored using activated partial thromboplastin time
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Aspirin impair the action of platelets
FTFFT
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. a decreased platelet countGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. hypercoagula
ble stateHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. an increased
minute volume due to an increased respiratory rateIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. a rise in renal threshold for glucose
- 41 -
232.The blood supply of the liver233.With regard to pain pathway234.With regard to tyroid hormones235.With regard to haemostasis 236.The following physiological changes occur during pregnancy
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. inhibition of fibrinolysis
TTFFT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. its systemic vascular resistance rises
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. its pulmonary vascular resistance rises
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.there is reversal of flow in the ductus arteriosusNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. the opening
between the two ventricles closesOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. the opening
between the two atrial closes
TTFFT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. release is increased by sulphonyl urea type of hypoglycemic drugs
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. has a half life of five minutes in circulation
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. increases the number of glucose transporters in the cells
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. secretion is reduced by surgical stress response
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. is normally secreted at a rate of about 40-50U/day
TTTTT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. in the descending Loop of henle water moves into the interstitium
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. thin ascending limb is permeable to Na+ and urea
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.thick ascending limb contains a higher concentration of ATP aseXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Loop of
henle is countercurrent exchangerYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Vasa rectae
is countercurrent multiplier
TTTTF
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cord
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholine
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Noradrenaline is not metabolized by COMT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Nicotinic receptors are present in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglion
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Down regulation of receptors is seen in chronic heart failure
TFFTT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Is calculated from plasma concentration of sodium, bicarbonate and phosphate
- 42 -
237.After the fetus is born TFFFT 238.Insulin 239.Countercurrent mechanism 240.In the autonomic nervous system,241.The anion gap
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The normal value is between 15-18 meq/l
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. Is normal in renal tubular acidosis
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. High in aspirin overdose
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is decreased when plasma albumin is decreased
FFTTT
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Sympathetic block up to T4KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Incr
eased circulating adrenalineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. stimulation of
splanchnic nervesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.pregnancyNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Anti
cholinesterase drug
TFFFT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Is indicated by area under the plasma concentration - curve time
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Is a number of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is reduced by destruction of drug in the gut
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Is reduced by metabolism of drug in the liver
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Is greater by sublingual route than enteral route
TFTTT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. can be displaced by agonist with higher concentration
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. combines with the same receptor as the agonist drug
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. shift the log dose response curve for the agonist to the right
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.depresses the maximum obtainable response of the agonistXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. will
affect the affinity of the agonist for its receptor
TTTFF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Is water soluble
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Is bound to albumin up to 97-98 %
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Is not contraindicated to patients with egg allergies.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Is hypertonicCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Conjugates in
liver to inactive metabolites.
- 43 -
242.Motility of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by243.Regarding the bio-availability of drugs:244.A competitive antagonist245.Regarding propofol:
FTTFT
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. causes a fall in cardiac output
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a potent bronchodilator
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.has active metabolitesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. caus
es postoperative dreaming and hallucinations which is less common in childrenHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. has
marked analgesic properties mediated by its binding to NMDA receptors
FTTTT
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. cause more significant reduction of blood pressure compare to diazepam
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is water soluble at pH of 6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Has
an active metaboliteLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Erythromycin inhibits
the midazolam metabolismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Bioavailability following intramuscular injection is 90 %
TFTTT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. is stored as liquid
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigrade
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is flammableQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. cont
ent in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure gaugeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. is 34 times
less soluble than Nitrogen
TTFTF
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Rocuronium is a steroidal compound
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Mivacurium is not suitable for intravenous infusion
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Rocuronium is metabolized by pseudo-cholinesterase
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Vecuronium has significant vagolytic effects
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Mivacurium has a faster onset than rocuronium
TFFFF
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. can act at central cholinergic receptors
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. can increase the physiological dead space
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. dilate the pupilAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. is
equally effective when given orally
- 44 -
246.Ketamine247.Regarding Midazolam:248.Nitrous oxide249.Concerning muscle relaxants,250.Glycopyrrolate
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is five times more potent as antisialogogue than atropine
FTFFT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. prolonge action potential duration in SA node
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. shorten repolarisation in AV node
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. causes photosensitivity
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. affect thyroid function on long term treatment
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. slows conduction velocity in His-purkinjae system
TFTTT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. It acts by preventing sodium access to the axon interior by occupying the transmembrane sodium channel
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Bupivacaine carbonate compared to bupivacaine hydrochloride has a longer onset of action and less intense block
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. The shortest duration of action of local anaesthetics follows intrathecal injection
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Prilocaine is more toxic to the cardiovascular and central nervous systems than lignocaine
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. The Cm of lignocaine is less than of bupivacaine
TFTFF
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Blocks central dopamine receptorsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. Effe
ctive in treatment of opioid induced gastric stasis.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Has
no extrapyramidal side effect.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Does not cross into
breast milk.QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. Is
effective in high intravenous doses for the emesis of chemotherapy.
TFFFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. They are effective analgesics even without presence of inflammation.
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. They inhibit cyclo-oxygenase.
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. 50% of asthmatics are allergic to aspirin.
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. If the effect on platelet function is to be avoided, aspirin needs to be stopped at least 2 weeks before surgery.
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Renal damage is a known complication.
FTFTT
- 45 -
251.Amiodarone252.With regard to local anaesthetics:253.Metoclopramide254.With regards to non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Clonidine reduces the blood pressure by its agonist activity on alpha-1 adrenoceptors.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Dilti
azem is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Nife
dipine acts as a calcium channel entry blockerZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. Sodium nitroprusside
causes metabolic acidosis with prolonged infusion.AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Chr
onic cough is a known side effect of angiotensin II inhibitors.
FFTTF
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Addition of adrenaline
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. CarbonationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. Usin
g a more concentrated solutionEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Mixing with
dextran in salineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Increasing the volume
of drug injected.
TFTTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is the drug of choice for complete heart block
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. is broken down chiefly by cholinesterase
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is useful in treatment of arrhytmias associated with digitals
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. increases diastolic depolarizationKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. incr
eases automaticity
FFTFF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. large in drugs with high lipid solubility.
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.small in drugs with low plasma protein binding.NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. larg
e in drugs with high tissue binding.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. imp
ortant for calculation of loading dose.PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. helpful in assessing
the suitability for hemodialysis.
TFTTT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. derived from beta-phenylethylamine
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. all contain catechol ring
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. dopamine is a naturally occuring catecholamines
- 46 -
255.Antihypertensive drugs actions include:256.Recognised method of prologing the action of ligocaine includes:257.Phenytoin 258.Distribution volume is 259.Regarding sympathomimetics
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. adrenaline is the most potent activator of alpha adrenergic receptor
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. noradrenaline causes bronchodilatation and is good for asthmatic patient
TFTTF
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. is a depolarizing muscle relaxant
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.can trigger malignant hyperthermiaXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. has
duration of action twice that of succinylcholineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. is
hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesteraseZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. causes
histamine release
FFTTT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. does not cross the placenta in clinically significant amounts
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. causes tachycardia
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. causes hypotension
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. may cause prolonged paralysis in patient taking streptomycin
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. causes dilatation of the pupil
TTFTF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. at normal plasma pH, is 50 - 75% bound to plasma proteins
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG. is a thiosubstituted succinylurea
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. in 2.5% solution it has a pH greater than 10
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. after redistribution it is rapidly metabolised in the liver
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. its excretion is usefully accelerated by a forced alkaline diuresis
TFTFF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. is a synthetic opioid
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. its analgesic potency is 1000 times of alfentanil
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.sedative effect is more than pethidineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. plas
ma clearance is less than mophineOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. dura
tion of action is about 20 minute
TFFTT
- 47 -
260.Mivacurium261.Pancuronium :262.Thiopentone :263.Fentanyl
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is an antagonist of Vit K
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ. competes with phenylbutazone at plasma binding sites
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. does not affect already synthesized clotting factors
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. is contraindicated in severe hypertension
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. prevent fibrinolysis
TTTTF
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU. Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liver
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV. Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolism
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle sizeXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. Hig
hly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY. Dru
gs given by oral route should have a very high extraction ratio
TFTFF
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 4% of total body weight
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.principal plasma cation is Na+ 140 mmol/LBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. also
contain fructose,galactose and mannoseCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. albu
min is the most abundant plasma proteinDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.total plasma protein ranging from 20 - 40 g/L
TTTTF
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 40% of body weight
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. volume is measured directly with markers
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.inorganic phosphate is the most important anionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.K+ concentration is approximately 150 mmol/LIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. its proportion varies little between tissues
TFTTF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is about 500 ml/min at restKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.supplies muscle that takes up 40 ml oxygen per minute at restLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. is altered
directly by vagal activity
- 48 -
264.. Warfarin :265.Regarding drug administration:266.Plasma 267.Intracellular fluid 268.Coronary blood flow
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.ceases in systoleNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is auroregulated
FTFFT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.BenzylpenicillinPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Hyoscine
hydrobromideQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.GlycopyrollateRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Atra
curiumSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Propofol
FTFFT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. A constant proportion of drug metabolised in a given time period
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.The absolute amount eliminated is greatest when plasma concentration is greatestVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.The enzyme responsible for the reaction is saturatedWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The rate of elimination and elimination half-life is constant,irrespective of plasma concentrationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.The reaction is represented by a linear relationship
TTTFF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Carbonic anhydrase is present in plasmaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. 25% of
carbon dioxide is dissolvedAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.50% is carried as bicarbonateBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. Tran
sport of carbon dioxide is facilitated by deoxygenated haemoglobinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Som
e of the carbon dioxide reacts with haemoglobin to form carbamino
FFFTT
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Is useful when given intramuscularlyEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Contains 3 g
mannitol in each 20 mg vial of DantriumFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. The dose for
treayment of malignant hyperthermia should not exceed 1 mg/kg in 24 hoursGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Interacts with verapamilHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.Causes hyperkalaemia
FTFTF
- 49 -
269.Drugs readily cross the blood-brain barrier 270.In first-order kinetics 271.Carbon dioxide transport in blood 272.Dantrolene
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. blood coagulationJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. platelet aggregation and adhesivenessKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.vascular factorsLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. prostaglandin
releaseMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.serotonin
FTTTF
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Epidural anaesthesiaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Nitrous oxidePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. RitodrineQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.HalothaneRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Am
yl nitrate
FFTTT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. U waves on the electrocardiogram
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. increased amplitude of the P waves
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.prolonged QRS complexesVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.ventricular fibrillationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.increased digitalis toxicity
FFTTT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.does not combine with haemoglobinYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.is not a trigger of malignant hyperpyrexiaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. induces bone
marrow aplasiaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is partially metabolised by intestinal bacteriaBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. caus
es diffusion hypoxia at the termination of anaesthesia
TTTTT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. Naloxone and dextropropoxyphe
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Acetylcysteine and paracetamolEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. Atenolol and
salbutamolFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Protamine and
warfarin
- 50 -
273.Primary haemostasis depends upon 274.Relaxation of the pregnant uterus is produced by 275.Abnormal high plasma potassium causes 276.Nitrous oxide 277.The following interactions are antagonistic
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Tranexamic acid and streptokinase
TTTFT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.HyponatraemiaIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. HyperkalaemiaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. HypermagnesaemiaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.LithiumLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Gentamycin
FFTTT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Normal plasma concentration is 3-5 mmol/LNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.99% in the body is intracellularOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.When deficient may cause muscle weakness and dysrhythmiasPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Potentiates the action
of Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junctionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.It reduces peripheral vascular tone
FTTFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Bradycardia
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Ventricular fibrillationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. J waves on
the ECGUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Atrial fibrillationVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Reduced cardiac output in response to reduced tissue oxygen
TTTTF
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.is an ester-linked local anaestheticXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is more lipid soluble than bupivacaineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has a duration of action similar to lignocaine at equipotent dosesZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a
vasoconstrictor at clinical concentrationsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.has convulsions in toxic dose
FFFTT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. capillary pressure is about 10 mmHg
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. angiotensin II is inactivated
- 51 -
278.The action of non-depolarising muscle relaxant is prolonged by 279.Magnesium 280.Cardiac effects of hypothermia include 281.Ropivacaine 282.In the normal pulmonary circulation
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.PGF2? causes vasoconstrictionEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. the velocity
of blood in the root of the pulmonary artery is the same as that in the aortaFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. of the
fetus,about 15% of the cardiac output goes to the lungs
TFTTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is equal to total minute ventilation minus the dead space ventilationHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.can be calculated from the alveolar air equationIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory
rateJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is about 4.5 L/min at restKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.varies with posture
TFFTT
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. stimulates adrenaline secretion in the adrenal medulla
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.causes vasodilatationNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.decreases bronchial toneOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.increases ureteric tonePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. has
prejunctional effects at the neuromuscular junction
FTFTT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.vasodilationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. tach
ycardiaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. uterine
relaxation in pregnancyTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. a positive
inotropic effectUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.intestinal relaxation
FFFFT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.patient will be hypoventilatingWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.base excess exceeded 10 mmol/LXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.arterial pH is 7.65 or aboveYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.concentration of ionised calcium in the plasma is decreasedZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. tetany is a
complication
- 52 -
283.Alveolar minute ventilation 284.Acetylcholine acting at muscarinic receptors 285.Alpha-adrenergic stimulation produces 286.In an uncompensated respiratory alkalosis
FFTTT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.increases with diameter in myelinated fibresBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. is
independent of diameter in unmyelinated fibresCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC. is
altered in hypokalaemiaDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is fastest in A? fibres 70-120 ms-1EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is
depend upon local oxygenation
TFFTT
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. the ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.sodium reabsorption from the loop of Henle occurs passivelyHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.under conditions of maximum antidiuresis, 5% of water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubuleIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. sodium excretion affected by blood flow in the
vasa rectaJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. prolonged thirst induces aldosterone
production
TFFTT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.Increases in ACTH, cortisol and growth hormoneLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. Incr
eased lipolysisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Protein catabolismNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Increased glucagon secretionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Reduced insulin secretion
TFTTT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Rapid reversal of hypoxia and metabolic acidosis
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. Lign
ocaine for the treatment of ventricular tachycardiaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Control of
convulsions to decrease hypoxia and lactic acidosisTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. Bret
ylium for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
TTFTT
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Is the active ingredient of glyceryl trinitrateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Improves platelet functions
- 53 -
287.The velocity of impulse propagation along nerve fibres 288.In the renal's regulation of water and sodium 289.The stress response to surgery includes 290.The treatment of bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest 291.Nitric oxide (NO)
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Is usually administered in doses of 10-50 ppmXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Nitrous oxide (N2O) is it's by product causing toxicityYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Methaemoglobinemia is one of it's adverse effects
TFTTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. is a phenanthrene derivative
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is the anagesic of choice in biliary and renal collicBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.has an anticholinergic effectCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.decreases intracranial pressureDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is a good anticonvulsant
TFTFF
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. increase the risk of regurgitation
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. are contraindicated intravenously in glaucoma
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.cause mild neuromuscular blockade in large dosesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.are equipotent as drying agentsIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. produce confusional states
TFFFF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. blocks both ?1- and ?2-receptorsKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is a non-competative antagonistLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. caus
es reflex tachycardiaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.reduces supine blood pressure in normal subjectsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.cause sedation and fatigue
TTTTT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.they have similar boiling pointsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. isoflurane
has the higher molecular weightQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.they are both contraindicated in anephric patientsRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.adrenaline infiltration is safeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. both give
measurable fluoride ion in the serum
TFFTT
- 54 -
292.Morphine 293.Atropine and hyoscine 294.Phenoxybenzamine 295.Isoflurane and enflurane
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. thyroxine (T4) is the most active natural compound
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.more than 99% of active hormone is protein-boundVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.their actions are mediated via receptors on the cell surfaceWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.an increase in metabolic rate occurs within minutes of increased hormone activityXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.they increase the number of cardiac ?-adrenoceptors
FTFFT
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.has no muscle-relaxing propertiesZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. inhi
bits adrenal steroidogenesisAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.increases the tone of pharyngeal muscleBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.does not cause hypotension on induction of anaesthesiaCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.produces a low incidence of allergic-type reactions
TTFFT
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is a class I B anti-arrhythmic drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. does
not cause clinically important myocardial depressionFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is unlikely to
cause side-effects if trouble free for the first 3 months of treatmentGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.pulmonary toxicity is one of its side effectHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.interferes with tests of thyroid function
FTFTT
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. hydrocortisone replacement alone is sufficient in Addison's disease
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. dexamethasone is suitable for replacement therapy
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.methylprednisolone is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than hydrocortisoneLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. prol
onged steroid therapy may cause osteoporosisMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.cortisone does not cause fluid retention
FFTTF
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.there is approximately 3 litres of gastric secretion per dayOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.the parasympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus
- 55 -
296.Thyroid hormones 297.Etomidate 298.Amiodarone 299.Regarding steroid therapy 300.In the stomach
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. gastric emptying is controlled by periodic relaxations of the pyloric sphincter
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.cathecolamines inhibit secretionRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.the contents are normally sterile
TFFTT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. ephedrineTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. trim
etaphanUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.suxamethoniumVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.noradrenalineWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.sodium nitroprusside
TTTFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.present in the carotid bodiesYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.present in the adrenal medullaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. pres
ent in the aortic archAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.present in the right atriumBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve
TFTFT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is a ?-receptor antagonistDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is an analogue of morphineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. is a
respiratory stimulant in normal manFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. reverses the
analgesic effects of placeboGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.has a duration of action of one to four hours
TFFTT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.are more sensitive to changes in the chemical composition of cerebrospinal fluid than of bloodIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. are directly influenced by changes in
arterial oxygen contentJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. are located within the respiratory centre
of the medullaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.respond directly to changes in pH rather than to changes in carbon dioxide tensionLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. are
bathed directly by cerebrospinal fluid
- 56 -
301.Tachyphylaxis occurs during short-term treatment with 302.Peripheral chemoreceptors 303.Naloxone 304.The central chemoreceptors
TFFTF
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.it is metabolised by the liverNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.it is redistributed to muscleOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.it is specifically bound to the reticular activating systemPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. it is usually
given by rapid intravenous injectionQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.it induces tachyphylaxis
FTFTF
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.methohexitoneSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. pancuroniumTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. thio
pentoneUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.etomidateVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.diazepam
FFTTT
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.contains sodium and chloride as the predominant ionsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.has the same osmotic concentration as sea waterYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.accounts for about 45% of body weight in a normal adultZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. incl
udes the plasma volumeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.is a higher propotion of body weight in infancy than in old age
TFFTT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.the intraoperative dose range is 0.5-6 mg/kg/minCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.metabolism to cynide occurs non-enzymetically in bloodDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.metabolism produces thiocynate which is excreted in urineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. it
produces dilation predominantly of resistance vesselsFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. reduces renal
blood flow
FTTFF
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.enfluraneHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.midazolamIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. methohexitone
- 57 -
305.Thiopentone has a short duration of action because 306.Drugs that cause local venous thrombophlebitis 307.Extracellular fluid 308.Sodium nitroprusside 309.Epileptiform EEG activity are induced by
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. etomidateKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.isoflurane
TFTFF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. increases surface tension differentially in differently sized alveoli
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.helps prevent pulmonary oedemaNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases alveolar ciliary motionOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.aids diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillaryPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is produced
by the type II alveolar cells
FTFFT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.are potentiated by anaesthetic vapoursRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.when given in repeated doses can be described as dual blockSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. are
potentiated by intraperitoneal tobramycinTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. are
potentiated in patients with multiple neurofibromatosisUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.are potentiated in hypoproteinaemia
TFTTT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Basic energy requirement for a 70 kg man is about 8400 kJ (2000 kcal)WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.carbohydrates are the most compact energy sourceXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.the respiratory quotient (RQ) decreases when fat is the main energy source being utilisedYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.essential amino acids are those which participate in metabolic reactionsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. a
high protein diet raises the metabolic reactions
TFTFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.prolongs its biological half-lifeBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.is likely to be different in arterial and venous bloodCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is only of importance to albuminDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.slows glomerular filtration of the drugEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. prev
ents renal tubular secretion of the drug
TTFTF
- 58 -
310.Pulmonary surfactant 311.The actions of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs 312.In human nutrition 313.The binding of a drug to plasma proteins
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.the rate of uptake is increased if ventilation increases
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.induction is more rapid if cardiac output decreasesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.induction is less rapid with less soluble agentIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the effect of changing cardiac output on
the rate of uptake will be greater with a more soluble agentJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. the second-gas effect allows
the maintenance concentration of
TTFTF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is a methylxanthineLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL. inter
acts with adenosine receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is a central respiratory depressantNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases cardiac contractilityOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.causes generalised epileptiform seizures
TTFTT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is a partial agonist at ?2-adrenoceptors
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.cause hypertension if infused intravenouslyRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.is well absorbed when taken orallySSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.anxiety is an
important side-effectTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT. redu
ces cardiac contractility
TFTFF
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.halothaneVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.suxamethoniumWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.morphineXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.nitroglycerineYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.etomidate
TTFTF
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. oxygenated blood is delivered by branches of the hepatic artery
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.total blood flow is half the cardiac outputBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.flow is from the periphery of the acini to the hepatic vein at the centre
- 59 -
314.When considering the uptake of a volatile anaesthetic agent 315.Aminophylline 316.Clonidine 317.Intracranial pressure is increased by 318.In the liver
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.portal venous pressure is about 10 mmHgDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.adenosine is important in local regulation of blood flow
TFFTT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.activation of angiotensin IFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. met
abolism of circulating adenine nucleotidesGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.the synthesis of circulating kallikreinHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.the inactivation of circulating bradykininIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the inactivation of circulating adrenaline
TTTTF
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is increased in chronic hypoxiaKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has a value approximately one-sixth that of the systemic circulationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.can be measured using a flow-directed balloon catheter with a thermistor tipMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is increased by isoprenalineNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is decreased by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
TTTFF
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.has its primary site of action in the loop of HenlePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. com
monly causes hyperuricaemiaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.enhances the excretion of calciumRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.hyponatraemic acidosis is the adverse effectSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. redu
ces the efficacy of concurrently prescribed lithium
TTTFF
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.refers to the peripheral compartment of the two-compartment modelUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.makes the assumption that there is a uniform concentration of drugVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is calculated using the measured concentration in the blood or plasmaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.is affected by differential regional blood flowXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.will be relatively low if hydrophilic and extensively bound to plasma proteins
FTTTT
- 60 -
319.Recognised non-respiratory functions of the lung include 320.Pulmonary vascular resistance 321.Frusemide 322.The volume of distribution of a drug
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.rarely cause hypoglycaemiaZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.act mainly by increasing the secretion of insulinAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.are highly protein-boundBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.are safe to use in chronic renal failureCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.are used as a diagnostic test in the incipient diabetic
FTTFF
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.morphine forms a conjugated glucuronideEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.penicillin is mainly hydrolysedFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. one
of the major metabolic products of halothane is monofluoroacetic acidGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.pethidine metabolism requires catechol-o-methyltransferaseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.cocaine is hydrolysed
TFFFT
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. interfere with subsequent cross-matching
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. have useful oxygen-carrying capacity
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.serious anaphylactoid reactions is a complicationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.decrease the plasma ionised calcium if infused rapidlyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.acute renal failure is a complication
TFTFT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.each fibre has one motor endplateOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.the motor endplate is at the proximal end of the fibrePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. dep
olarisation causes electrical changes only in the muscle fibre near the endplateQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.the resting potential difference at the endplate is 20mV less than the rest of the muscleRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.each fibre is no longer than 1 mm
TFFFF
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. A zero order kinetics indicates metabolism at a constant rate
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.First order kinetics can change to zero order kineticsUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.A three compartment model is a feature of fat soluble drugs
- 61 -
323.The sulphonylureas 324.In the metabolism of these drugs 325.Dextran solutions 326.Concerning skeletal muscle 327.With regard to pharmacokinetics
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Drugs with large volumes of distribution have long half-livesWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Compartments refer to anatomical structures
TTTTF
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Represents the removal of a givenamount of the drug in unit timeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.represents the rate of elimination per unit concentration in bloodZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.equals the volume of distribution multiplied by the haklf lifeAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.equals the volume of distribution multiplied by constantBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.is inversely proportional to the half life
TFFTT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is an index of potency of intravenous anaestheticsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is measured in volumes %EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.can be determined by probit analysisFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is
affected by ageGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is a correlate of oil/water solubility
FTFTF
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.has the same molecular weight as enfluraneIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. if put in a calibrated halothane
vaporizer, it will deliver a dangerously high concentration of isofluraneJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. reduces the blood pressure,
mainly by depressing cardiac outputKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.has a MAC of 1.68%LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.causes minimal changes in cerebral blood flow at light levels of anaesthesia
TFFFT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is a neuromuscular blockerNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.may cause dangerous rise in serum calciumOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.can be used preoperatively to reduce suxamethonium painsPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. is
useful in the treatment of malignant hyperpyrexiaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.is a skeletal muscle relaxant
FFTTT
- 62 -
328.The clearance of the drugs 329.Minimum alveolar concentration 330.Isoflurane 331.Sodium dantrolene
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.direct myocardial depressionSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. peri
pheral vasodilatationTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.a central action on the vasomotor centreUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.ganglion blockadeVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.baroreceptor inhibition
TTTTT
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.produces depolarisation in the neural membrane of peripheral nervesXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is detoxified in the liverYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.is an esterZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.can cause methaemoglobinemiaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.30 ml of 0.5% is recommended dose in a 75kg man
TTTTT
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.has an efficacy equivalent to bupivacaine for both anaesthesia and analgesiaCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.has enhanced safety profile compared to bupivacaineDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Chirocaine is an example of levobupivacaineEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Consists only of the S(-) enantiomer of bupivacaineFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. Excr
eted mainly by the kidney
TTTTT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is a racemic mixtureHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.is less cardiotoxic than bupivacaineIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is more potent than bupivacaineJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. has the same pKa as
bupivacaineKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.poduces greater motor block than bupivacaine
FTFTF
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.is an arylcycloalkylamineMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.increases pulmonary vascular resistanceNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.increases myocardial contractility in vivo
- 63 -
332.Halothane decreases the blood pressure as a result of 333.Bupivacaine 334.Levobupivacaine 335.Ropivacaine 336.Ketamine hydrochloride
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.has bronchodilatory propertiesPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. incr
eases tone in skeletal muscles
TFTTT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.are extensively excreted in the urineRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.are highly protein boundSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. whe
n used chronically, induce hepatic microsomal enzymesTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.are antalgesicUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.cross the placenta
FTFFT
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.is presented in 10% soya nean oilWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.decreases blood pressure mainly by vasodilatationXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.is broken down by plasma cholinesteraseYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.4-5 mg/kg is the standard induction dose in healthy adultsZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Is more respiratory depressant than thiopentone
TTFFT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.decreases complianceBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.increases surface tensionCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.is released from the pulmonary circulationDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.is made of molecules that are partly lipophilic and partly hydrophilicEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.is produced in type I pneumocytes
FFFTF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. changes with posture
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.decreases with exerciseHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.includes anatomical dead spaceIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is responsible for the difference between
mixed expired gas and alveolar gasJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is diffusion dependent
TFTTF
- 64 -
337.Benzodiazepines 338.Propofol 339.Lung surfactant 340.Physiological dead space
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.Increases with ageLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Is measured using the single breath nitrogen washout techniqueMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Decreases with obesityNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Is smaller than closing volumeOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Encroaches on tidal breathing at a mean age of 66 in supine subjects
TTFFF
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Alveolar volume increases by 30%
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Abdominal muscle are activeRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Sacrospinalis muscles are activeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Intra
thoracic pressure decreases by a few mmHgTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.The ribcage does not move
TFFFF
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Contains 30% of the blood volumeVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Pulmonary vascular resistance increases with hypoxiaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.Pulmonary vascular resistance is markedly less than systemic vascular resistanceXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Pulmonary artery pressure is 25/9 mmHgYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Pulmonary artery pressure increases with exercise
FTTTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Increased sympathetic activityAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Production of reninBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Increased production of erythropoietinCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Increased baroreceptor activityDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Increased chemoreceptor activity
TTTFT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.in healthy adults has a P50 value of 3.4kPaFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. is
moved to the left by a fall in pHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.is move to the right by a fall in temperature
- 65 -
341.Closing capacity: 342.During quiet inspiration 343.The pulmonary circulation 344.The physiological response to haemorrhagic shock consists of 345.The oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.in the fetus has a lower p50 than in adultIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is moved to the right by an increase in th
2,3 DPG concentration in RBC
TFFTT
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. SodiumKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.CalciumLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.PotassiumMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.ChlorideNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Bicarbonate
FFTFF
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Alveolar pressre rises to allow inspiratory flow to occurPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP. Intra
pleural pressure is -5cm H2O before inspiration beginsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Alveolar pressure is positive during expirationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Fall in intrapleural pressure during inspiration is due to a fall in the elastic recoilSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS. Wit
h forced expiration, the intrapleural pressure exceeds zero.
FTTFT
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.the heart extracts up to 95% of the oxygen from each unit of blood delivered to itUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.oxygen consumption can be increased significantly only by increasing blood flowVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.autoregulation is well developed in the heartWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.the alpha-adrenegic receptors of the coronary arterioles mediate vasoconstrictionXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.stimulation of vagal fibres to the heart constricts the coronaries
FTTTF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Is caused by atrial contractionZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Is not seen in atrial fibrillationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Is caused by atrial filling during ventricular contractionBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Decreases with inspirationCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Is followed by the v wave
TTFFF
- 66 -
346.The following ions have a higher intracellular than extracellular concentration: 347.Regarding pressures during respiratory cycle : 348.Variations in coronary blood flow 349.The a wave of the central venous pressure waveform:
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.fall in heart rateEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.decrease. in atrial contractilityFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.An increase in ventricular contractilityGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Slowing of A-V conductionHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A fall in stroke volume
TFFTF
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is normally 15-25 mmHg while breathing room air
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. is increased under anaesthesia due to increased ventilation/ perfusion mismatch
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is decreased in one lung ventilationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.is increased in the presence of right to left intracardiac shuntsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.is decreased in excessive exercise
TTFTF
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.is normally 0.2 L/ cm H2OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.reduces with loss of pulmonary surfactantPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.is increased in emphysemaQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.increases after induction of general anaesthesiaRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.is different at apical and basal of the lungs
TFTFT
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Have cells which responds to increase in arterial PH.TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Have the highest blood flow ( ml/ unit weight ) in the bodyUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Stimulate maximally the respiratory drive when PaO2 35-70 mmHgVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.It"s discharge is increased by anaemiaWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The afferent nerve is via glossopharyngeal nerve.
FTTFT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.ventilation per unit lung volume is smallest at the apex of the lungs.YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.basal alveoli are bigger than apical alveoliZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.basal alveoli expand more than apical alveoli during inspiration
- 67 -
350.Vagal stimulation produces: 351.Alveolar- arterial oxygen difference ( A-a DO2 ) 352.Lung compliance 353.Regarding the carotid bodies : 354.In an awake upright spontaneously breathing patient
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.pleural pressure is less negative at the base of lungsBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.last part of the expired air comes from the apical alveoli.
TFTTT
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Subendocardium is more vulnerable to ischaemia than epicardiumDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Adenosine is a coronary vasodilator.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow bear a linear relationshipFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Coronary blood flow will be improved by slowing the heart rateGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Normal myocardial oxygen extraction ratio is 70 %.
TTTTT
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.left ventricular end diastolic volume is about 20 mls.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. the first heart sound coincides with the
onset of ventricular systoleJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. cardiac output is
approximately 75mls/beatKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( LVEDP ) is about 5 mmHgLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.the second heart sound coincides with end of T wave of ECG
FTTTT
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.The aortic and carotid bodiesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Mechanoreceptors of the larynxsOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors in the medullaPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Bronchiolar strech receptors via sympathetic stimulationsQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Receptors which respond to the hydrogen ion concentration in the CSF
TTFFT
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.FiltrationSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Passive diffusionTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Facilitated diffusionUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Active transportVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.Secondary active transport
FTFFF
- 68 -
355.Regarding coronary blood flow 356.In normal healthy man at rest in the supine position 357.The respiratory center in the brain stem receives input from 358.Oxygen is transport from the alveoli into the blood in pulmonary capillaries by
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.The SA node develops from the structures on the right side of the embryoXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Sympathetic innervation of the right side supply to the AV nodeYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Atrial conduction is slowed by a decrease in temperatureZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.The PR interval represents the duration of atrial depolarizationAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The action potential in SA and AV nodes are largely due to Na+
TFTFF
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.1 molecule will yield 38 molecules of ATP.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.The Kreb's cycle can operate for a limited time anaerobicallyDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.The components of the Kreb's cycle are supplied entirely from carbohydrate metabolismEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.The RQ is higher for carbohydrates than fats because extra oxygen is needed to burn carbohidratesFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Aerobic glycolysis is a process when pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and produce CO2 and
H2O
TFFFT
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.Is highest in preganglionic autonomic nerve fibresHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.A? has a higher conduction velocity than A?IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Is faster in unmyelinated fibres
than the myelinated oneJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Is inversely related to
the cross-sectional area of the axonKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.is decreased by cooling the nerve
FTFFT
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Stroke volumeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Blood viscosityNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Systemic vascular resistanceOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.Arterial partial pressure of oxygenPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Left ventricular end-diastolic volume
TFFFT
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Mitral valve closure occurs before tricuspid valve closureRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Carotid pressure is highest at the start of ventricular systole
- 69 -
359.In the conducting system of the heart 360.In cell metabolism 361.The velocity of conduction of a nerve action potential 362.Pulse pressure increases with an increase in 363.In Cardiac cycle
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Left ventricular volume is lowest when mitral valve opensTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Atrial contraction is of more importance to ventricular filling if heart rate increaseUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.Late in diastole, the mitral and tricuspid valves are closed while the aortic and pulmonary valves
are open
TFTTF
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.the parasympathetic system is transmitted in cranial nerves and sacral fibres from the spinal cordWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.parasympathetic effects are identical to those of acetylcholineXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.Noradrenaline is not metabolized by COMTYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.Nicotinic receptors are present in the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglionZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Down regulation of receptors is seen in chronic heart failure
TFFTT
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.The synaptic cleft is about 50-70 nm wideBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.The postjunctional membrane is thrown into foldsCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Acetylcholine receptor has five protein subunitsDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.Two alpha subunits of acetylcholine receptor have to be activated for the channel to openEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetic acid
TTTTF
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.Can give good information regarding myocardial contractilityGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.The electrodes are silver/silver chloride electrodeHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.CM5 is a modification of lead V5IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. Between the T wave and the
next P wave, the myocardial potential is zeroJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Repolarisation takes
place in the opposite direction as depolarisation
FTTFT
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.a-delta fibres which terminate in lamina 1 of the dorsal hornLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.second order neurons which ascend in the ipsilateral spinothalamic traMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.c fibres which release histamine and serotoninNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.synapses in the substantia nigra of the spinal cord
- 70 -
364.In the autonomic nervous system, 365.Regarding the neuromuscular junction: 366.The normal Electrocardiogram 367.The pathways of pain sensation include
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.descending pathways in the dorsolateral colums
TFFFT
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.Sublingual route avoids first-pass inactivation in the liverQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.Suppositories expose the drug to first-pass metabolismRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.Distribution of nebulised drug in the respiratory tree depends on the particle sizeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.Highly water soluble drugs are administered by transdermal routeTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.Drugs given by oral route should have a very high exraction ratio
TFTFF
UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.apply to enzyme- mediated reactionsVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.are characterized by high rates of reaction when the concentrations of reacting substances are high.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.can properly be described in terms of t1/2XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.are involved in elimination of most drugsYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.change to zero-order kinetic at very high drug doses
TTFTT
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.Half-life of a drug is shorter than its time constantAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.Drug given by infusion without a bolus reach a steady state in five half-livesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.Extent of drug distribution into extracellular fluid is unlikely to affect t1/2.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.Context sensitive half-life can be use for any drugDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.About 94% of a drug is cleared of the body in four half-lives
TTFFT
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.is stored as liquidFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.is a gas above a temperature of 36 degree centigradeGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.cylinders should have filling ratio of 0.65-0.75HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.content in a cylinder is always reflected from its pressure gaugeIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. is 34 times less soluble than
N2.
TTTTF
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368.Regarding drug administration : 369.First-order processes 370.The following statements about drug half-life are correct : 371.Nitrous oxide
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ. Morphine acts on kappa receptors
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.The effect of stimulation of sigma receptors is dysphoria and hallucinationLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.Euphoria is due to stimulation of delta receptorsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM.Nalorphine antagonizes kappa receptorsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.Pentazocine is partial agonist
TTFFT
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.is structurally related to morphinePPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP.onset of analgesic activity after intramuscular injection is 35 minutesQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ.in equianalgesic doses, pethidine and morphine produce equal amount of sedationRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.respiratory depression caused by it can be antagonized by nalorphineSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS.about 60% is bound to plasma proteins
TFFTF
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT.is an aminostereroidUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.is stable in aqueous solutionVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.undergoes principally hepatic eliminationWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW.has provide intubating conditions within 60 secondsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.It release histamine
TTTTF
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.will be metabolised rapidlyZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.may interfere with the pharmacodynamics of warfarinAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.will induce liver microsomal enzymesBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.will cause an increase in the serum albuminCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC.will have a relatively low 'free' concentration in the plasma
FTFFT
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372.Regarding opioid receptors : 373.Pethidine 374.Rocuronium 375.A drug that is strongly protein-bound: