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Peter G. KazanskyOptoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton
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Long-term data preservationØ Nature’s choice: DNA (1M years @ -18 oC)
Ø Current archiving technology: Magnetic tape (20 years)
Ø Optical based technologies: CD or DVD (10 years)M-Disc (1000 years)
5D storagein ultrafast lasernanostructured
fused quartz
3D storage using positive index change
by ultrafast laser writing in fused quartz
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Femtosecond laser direct writing: The principle
Tight focusing of laser beam (e.g. l =1030 nm, Dt =300 fs) into transparent material
High intensity leading to multi-photon absorption
Structural changes in matter confined to focal volume due to short pulse duration – 3D
Intensity ~ 5x1013 W/cm2
Electron temperature ~ 105 K /10 eVPressure ~ 106 bar
NA > 0.4
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3D optical storage by femtosecond laser writing
Glezer et al.,Optics Letters (1996)
Femtosecond (100 x 10-15 s) laser induced small voids in quartz glass
Picosecond (10 x10-12 s) laserinduces voids with external stress
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Ultrafast-laser nanostructured (ULN) quartz glass and self-assembled form birefringence
P.G. Kazansky et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2199 (1999)Y. Shimotsuma et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 247405 (2003)
20 nm20 nm
E
Quartz crystal:ne – no = 9 x10-3
optical axis
Fast
Slow
Femtosecond laser nanostructured glass:ne – no = –5 x10-3
Birefringence
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5D data storage by ultrafast laser nanostructuring in glass
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How it works?
ü Position: 3 spatial dimensions
ü Retardance = f(Intensity, Number of pulses)
ü Slow axis = f(Polarization)
ü Ultimate resolutions of slow axis angle ~5° and retardance ~5 nm.
1 Byte (8 bits) per spot:32 states (5 bits) of slow axis orientation8 states (3 bits) of retardance
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Comparison
Advantages of 5D: High capacityLong lifetime
CD DVD Blue-ray 5DCapacity 0.7 GB 4.7 GB 23.5GB 360TB per disc
Last Long 5 years 7 years 7 years 10^20 yearsSpeed 150 kB/s
(1x)1.3 MB/s
(1x)4.5 MB/s
(1x)100 MB/s
Current writing speed: 3 KB/sCurrent capacity: 6 GB per layer
50 layers280 GB/disc
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Using the Arrhenius law, the lifetime can be extrapolatedto the room temperature
T = 900° -> τ = 121 h
T = 1000° -> τ = 32 h
T = 1100° -> τ = 9 h
Thermal stability
T = 30° -> τ = 300x1018 years
1τ= k = Aexp −
Ea
kbT⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
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Bringing colours to life: Chameleon bird in glass
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Geometrical phase hologram in glass
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Eternal copy of Nova Vulgatapresented to Vatican library
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Eternal Documents
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Conclusions
Digital preservation with practically unlimited lifetime is possible by ultrafast laser nanostructuring in glass.
Research towards increase of write and read speed is in progress.
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