![Page 1: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Persisting Digital Inequalityg g q y
Eszter HargittaiAssociate Professor, Communication Studies Department
Northwestern University&&
Fellow, Berkman Center for Internet & SocietyHarvard University
www.eszter.com
@eszter
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
gplus.to/ eszter
![Page 2: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
xkcd.com/435Eszter
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 3: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Central Research Question:Who benefits mostWho benefits most
from their digital media uses?Social Mobility vs Social Reproduction
Do ICT reduce or contribute to social inequality?
Mere connectivity Effective efficient uses
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Mere connectivity Effective, efficient uses
![Page 4: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
As we renew our schools and highways, we’ll also renew our information superhighway. It is unacceptable that the United information superhighway. It is unacceptable that the United States ranks 15th in the world in broadband adoption. Here, in the country that invented the internet, every child should have the chance to get online, and they’ll get that chance when I’m President – because that’s how we’ll strengthen America’s competitiveness in the world.
December 16, 2008
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
December 6, 2008
![Page 5: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ofand Reinvestment Act of
2009
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 6: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Overall Framework
ContextThe image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.$ Context
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
$
Technical Social
Socio‐EconomicStatus
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
T fSkill
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Types of usesSkill
![Page 7: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Overall Framework
ContextThe image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.$Academic Context
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
$
ProductivityAchievement/
Job Performance
Technical Social
Socio‐EconomicStatus
Health andWell‐Being
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
T f? Skill
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Types of uses? Skill
![Page 8: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Domains of skill• Awareness and understanding
• Efficient information seeking
• Credibility assessment• Credibility assessment
• Knowledge of privacy, security issues Skill
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 9: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Do people’s skills differ in husing the Internet?
What explains differences in people’s online skills?p p
How are skills related toHow are skills related to differentiated Internet uses?
What are the implications f diff ti t d ?
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
of differentiated uses?
![Page 10: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Data on Internet uses
• Very much
• Very detailed
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 11: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Data on Internet uses
• Very much little
• Very detailed basic
h l dThe Digital Data Paradox
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 12: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Challenges of relying on log data• Becoming user of a service is not a random eventevent
• People understand and use sites/services differently
• Site usage is likely only one of many ways in g y y y ywhich people engage for a particular behavior
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 13: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Reasons for little comparable data on average users
• Lack of established/universal terms
• Moving target• Moving target
• Rarely comparable across data setsy p
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 14: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Data: Surveys of Internet uses and skills
f iki di
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
US Map from Wikipedia
![Page 15: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Data: Surveys of Internet uses and skills
f iki di
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
US Map from Wikipedia
![Page 16: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why theUniversity of Illinois Chicago?
Average temperature:Feb: 28.2°F Mar: 39.6°FUniversity of Illinois, Chicago?
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 17: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why theUniversity of Illinois Chicago?
Average temperature:Feb: 28.2°F Mar: 39.6°FUniversity of Illinois, Chicago?
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 18: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Students enrolled in the oneData & MethodsStudents enrolled in the onerequired course on campus
(First‐Year Writing Program)
February‐March, 2007 February‐April, 2009
• Paper/pencil survey
February March, 2007 1,060 first‐years 82% response rate
February April, 2009 1,115 first‐years 80 5% response rate 82% response rate 80.5% response rate
April‐July, 2010Wave 2 (same people as 2009)
April July, 0 0 505 45% response rate
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
45% response rate
![Page 19: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sample descriptives (2009)99% 18‐19 years old
41% male; 59% female41% male; 59% female
47% neither parent has a college degree
Race & ethnicity:
college degree
White 41%
Asian/Asian American 22%Hi i 24%Hispanic 24%Black/African American 11%American Indian/Alaskan Native 5%
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
American Indian/Alaskan Native .5%
![Page 20: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Wired Generation(2009)
100% either own or have easy access to a laptop or desktop
98% have access to the Internet at home
95% had access to the Internet at home during 95% had access to the Internet at home during senior year in high school
70% t t d i th I t t l l i iddl 70% started using the Internet regularly in middle school or earlier
O d h h b kl On average, spend 17 hours on the Web weekly (excluding email, chat and VoIP)
87% h k il d il (th j it h k l
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
87% check email daily (the majority check several times a day)
![Page 21: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Use of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2007
For details, see:
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Hargittai, E. (2007) Whose Space? Differences among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1).276-297.http://webuse.org/p/a21
![Page 22: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Use of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated Adoption of Social Network Sites by User Background. In Race After the Internet. Edited by Peter Chow-White and Lisa Nakamura. Routledge.
![Page 23: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Data more representative than may first appear
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 24: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Wired Generation.. but not in every way
UIC ‘09 = 4% UIC ‘10 = 18%
I refuse to switch to Twitter. I don’t know what that is or the purpose. I sound like an old person, I think, but I really don’t understand Twitterunderstand Twitter.
– Female Northwestern senior, Spring 2010
That’s narcissism to the Nth degree, I just can’t stand it, I think it’s absolutely ridiculous.
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
– Female Northwestern senior, Spring 2010
![Page 25: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Twitter use by race/ethnicity (2010)
For details, see:Hargittai, E. & Litt, E. (2011) The Tweet Smell of Celebrity Success:
Explaining Twitter Adoption among a Diverse Group of Young Adults. New
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Media & Society. 13(5):824-842.http://webuse.org/p/a36
![Page 26: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Who uses Twitter?
African AmericanWeb skill in 2009African AmericanWeb skill in 2009
++ ++
Twitter use in 2010
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University http://webuse.org/p/a36
![Page 27: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Who uses Twitter?
African AmericanWeb skill in 2009African AmericanWeb skill in 2009Interest in 2009 in:Entertainment/celebrity news
+
Entertainment/celebrity newsScience, research
- + +TechnologyPolitics, News
+TechnologyPolitics, News
Twitter use in 2010
,,
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University http://webuse.org/p/a36
![Page 28: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Who uses Twitter?
African AmericanWeb skill in 2009African AmericanWeb skill in 2009Web skill in 2009Interest in 2009 in:Entertainment/celebrity news
Web skill in 2009
+
Entertainment/celebrity newsScience, research
- + +TechnologyPolitics, News
+TechnologyPolitics, News
Twitter use in 2010
,,
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University http://webuse.org/p/a36
![Page 29: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Data on Internet skill?
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 30: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Main data sources
In‐personobservations and
interviewsinterviews
Surveysy
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 31: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Data: Observations of search and information seeking
100 randomly sampled adults
Observations of search and information seeking
100 randomly sampled adultsMercer County, NJ, 2001‐2002
L l l lTax forms
G ’t d t
Political infoHealth infoJob search
Local cultural eventsGov’t documents
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 32: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Data: Observations of search and information seeking
100 randomly sampled adults
Observations of search and information seeking Cumulative Time Spent on All Tasks
1
100 randomly sampled adultsMercer County, NJ, 2001‐2002
eopl
e.75
L l l lTax forms
G ’t d t
Political infoHealth infoJob search
Frac
tion
of P
e
.5
Local cultural eventsGov’t documents
0
.25
M f t l kill i t t
Time in Minutes0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Measures of actual skill; survey instruments
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 33: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Measuring awareness & understandingMeasuring awareness & understandingHow familiar are you with the following computer and Internet-related items? Please choose a number between 1 and 5 where 1 represents “no a d 5 e e ep ese ts ounderstanding” and 5 represents “full understanding” of the item
For details, see:
understanding” of the item.
For details, see:* Hargittai, E. & Hsieh, Y.P. (2012). Succinct Measures of Web-Use Skills.
Social Science Computer Review.* Hargittai, E. (2009). An Update on Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital
Literacy. Social Science Computer Review. 27(1):130-137.
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University http://webuse.org/pubs/
* Hargittai, E. (2005). Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital Literacy. Social Science Computer Review, 23(3):371-379.
![Page 34: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
For details, see:For details, see:* Hargittai, E. & Hsieh, Y.P. (2012). Succinct Measures of Web-Use Skills.
Social Science Computer Review.* Hargittai, E. (2009). An Update on Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital
Literacy. Social Science Computer Review. 27(1):130-137.
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University http://webuse.org/pubs/
* Hargittai, E. (2005). Survey Measures of Web-Oriented Digital Literacy. Social Science Computer Review, 23(3):371-379.
![Page 35: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Basic Internet‐related terms
R 14 65Range: 14‐65Mean: 47St.dev.: 10
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 36: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
34% could not identify the correct description of bcc functionality on a multiple‐choice question (UIC ‘10)multiple‐choice question (UIC 10)
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 37: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Advanced Internet‐related terms
R 14 65Range: 14-65Mean: 47St.dev.: 10
Range: 14‐70Mean: 37St dev : 13St.dev.: 13
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 38: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Relationship of skill & gender
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 39: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Hargittai, E. & Shafer, S. (2006). Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender. Social Science Quarterly. 87(2), 432-448.
![Page 40: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
xkcd.com/385
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 41: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
H itt i E & W l jk G (2008) Th P ti i ti Di id C t t
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Hargittai, E. & Walejko, G. (2008). The Participation Divide: Content Creation and Sharing in the Digital Age. Information, Communication and Society.11(2):239-256.
![Page 42: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Relationship of skill & race/ethnicity
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 43: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Relationship of skill & socioeconomic status
Low HighS i i t t
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Socioeconomic status
![Page 44: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Relationship of skill & socioeconomic status
4 104.10
2.73
Low HighS i i t t
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Socioeconomic status
![Page 45: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
How about skill differences nationally?
4.10
2.73
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityUS Map from Wikipedia
![Page 46: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
How about skill differences nationally?
? 4.10??
2.73
???
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityUS Map from Wikipedia
![Page 47: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Explaining skill differences nationallyExplaining skill differences nationally(2009)
?Skill
Source: Federal Communications
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Commission broadband survey
![Page 48: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Explaining skill differences nationallyExplaining skill differences nationally(2009)
Income ++ Skill+Education
Age (=<50) x
Source: Federal Communications
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
Commission broadband survey
![Page 49: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Is there a participation gap?
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 50: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Number of online engagement activities by gender
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 51: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Number of online engagement activities by race
Range: 0‐5Mean: 1.8St.dev.: 1.6
**** ***
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
![Page 52: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Number of online engagement activities by parental educationp
** **
** *
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
![Page 53: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Number of online engagement activities by parental educationp
3.023.02
** **
1.07** *
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
![Page 54: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Number of online engagement activities by skill
Low High
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University * p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001
gSkill
![Page 55: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Why is it helpful to focus on skill?Why is it helpful to focus on skill?
$Skill
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 56: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Important next stepUpdating skill instrument to reflect social media uses and skillsmedia uses and skills
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 57: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Conclusions• People’s Internet skills differ considerably
• Gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status , / y,all relate to people’s skills
• Adoption of a service is not a random event• Adoption of a service is not a random event
• People’s background and online skill relates h h d lito what they do online
• Studies based on logs of a specific site/service/community must be conscious of the biases related to use of said
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
site/service/community in the first place
![Page 58: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Thanks to funders: Thank you!
Robert and Kaye Hiatt Fund for Research on Media Technology and Societyon Media, Technology, and Society
Thanks to students/former students:Thanks to students/former students:
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University
![Page 59: Persisting Digital IneqqyualityUse of Facebook vs MySpace by Race/Ethnicity, 2009 Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern University Hargittai, E. (In Press). Open Doors, Closed Spaces? Differentiated](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022063005/5fb47b760d8b9b3fa273cb98/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Thank you!y
eszter.comwebuse.org
@eszter
gplus.to/eszter
Eszter Hargittai, Northwestern UniversityEszter Hargittai, Northwestern University