PeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

(Dark Age)

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 – 1500

(Renaissance)

Fragmentation of Western Europe:

“Dark Ages”• Political—family based Germanic kingdoms, diverse in nature, replace centralized government

• Social—dependence upon strong people, nobles with castles, to protect weak, peasants from insecurities becomes the hallmark of Western Europe

• Religious—disagreements over doctrines with Eastern Church (schism 1054) – RCC the unifying force of the Middle Ages

• Language—Latin used in church business but local areas fall to dialects (vernacular)– Romance languages– Germanic/Scandinavian– Slavic

• Economic—urban centers unsafe—trade all but stops, cut off from Eastern Europe– Barter returns– Rural economy—manorialism—self-sufficiency

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• Why do we consider Friday 13th unlucky?

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6c

The FranksClovis

– Unifies the Franks– Converts to Christianity

• To please his Christian wife• To form a strong alliance

with the Church and Pope

• Charles Martel– The “Hammer”– Defeated the Moors

(Muslims) • Battle of Tours in 732• Saved Europe for

Christianity– Strengthened the

power of the King– Starts the Carolingian

Dynasty pjh

The FranksPepin the Short

– Defeats the Lombards to protect the Pope

– Makes a donation to the Church from the lands he gained

• Homage to the Pope• Papal States

Charlemagne – Defended the Church against the Saxons, Magyars,

Vikings, and Muslims– Crowned Holy Roman Emperor Dec. 25, 800– Stressed religion, justice and education– Divided empire into counties administered by counts

—(Missi Dominici)pjh

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 800

After the death of Charlemagne• Louis the Pious (the Fair)

– Son on Charlemagne– Fights many civil wars– More devoted to the Church– Leaves throne to be shared by

three sons• Treaty of Verdun (843)

– Empire divided – Charles the Bald (W. France--HRE)– Louis the German (E. France)– Lothair (M. France)

• Frequent invasions from Vikings and Magyars leads to feudalism

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Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Becomes the Holy Roman

Empire

Becomes France

Papal States

Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

FeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Feudalism• Obligations of the Lord to his Vassal

– To protect the vassal in his fief– To right wrongs done to his vassal

• Obligations of the Vassal to his Lord– To give an oath of fealty (act of homage)– Judicial:

• To attend the lord’s court, to advise his, and to give judgment in cases concerning other lords

– Financial: • to make payments upon the knighting of the

lord’s son, the marriage of his daughter and to pay ransom if the lord is captured

• To pay a tax upon inheriting a fief• To give the lord lodging when he travels

– Military:• To serve the lord as a knight for a certain number

of days each year (sometimes forty days)• To provide the lord with other mounted men

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Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

C o de o f C hiva lry

• Make gentlemen out of warriors

• Loyal to lord, lady, God

• Protect the weak

• Rules of warfare

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Weapons

• Stirrups

• Chain mail armor

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

• Obligations of the peasants/serfs to the lord– Work the lord’s land

a certain number of days (usually 3)

– Work for the lord in the kitchen, smiths, etc.

– Feudal dues—pay certain amount from harvest as rent, use of tools…

• Obligations of the lord to the peasants/serfs– Provide protection

in time of war or invasion

– Provide small plot of land they can farm for themselves

– Settle disputes as they arise

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The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

Serfs at work

Role of Women • Arranged marriages

– Political in nature– Alliances formed

• Could inherit land but husband controlled it– Wife ran estates when

husbands were absent• Artisans

– Tapestries (Bayeux Tapestry)

– Embroidery • Eleanor of Aquitaine

– Most powerful woman– Second Crusade– Wife to two kings,

mother to two kingspjh

Eleanor of Aquitaine

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The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left from the

collapse of the classical world.

Western Europe becomes known as Christendom

monasticism: (includes monks and nuns)

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval Church

The Power of the Medieval Church bishops and abbots played a large part

in the feudal system.

simony buying positions

primogeniture first born inherits all

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. “Truce of God”

curb heresies Inquisition; excommunication

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

Canon law Church authority over all clergy & church property tried to extend to secular realm

Church Controversies Investiture Controversy

RCC vs. HRE– Secular kings wanted

to appoint bishops (simony)

– 1073-Pope Gregory VII issued a Papal Bull

– Henry IV, HRE ignored• Gregory

excommunicates• Penance/contrition—

Canossa—3 days snow

• Concordat of Worms, 1122– Compromise – Kings appoint– Popes approve

• Philip IV, Fr– Kidnaps the Pope in

1305– Babylonian Captivity– Popes govern Church

from Avignon for 70 years

– Friday the 13th, 1307 destroys Knights Templar

• The GREAT Schism– Italian cardinals want

Italian pope (1378)– French cardinals

appt own pope– 1414 3rd pope appt– 1417 4th pope appt—

others step down– Weakens RCC

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Henry IV waits in the snow

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

Preserved Greco-Roman knowledge

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Romanesque Architectural Style 8th-10th centuries

Romanesque Architectural Style 8th-10th centuries

e Rounded Arches.

e Barrel vaults.

e Thick walls.

e Darker, simplistic interiors.

e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Gothic Architectural Style 11th -14th centuries

Gothic Architectural Style 11th -14th centuries

e Pointed arches.

e High, narrow vaults.

e Thinner walls.

e Flying buttresses.

e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

e Stained-glass windows.

e Gargoyles

e Read exterior sculptures like a story

“Flying” Buttresses

Chartres

The Rise of European Monarchies:

England

The Rise of European Monarchies:

England• Alfred the Great unifies the Saxons against the Vikings

• Follows the similar pattern of rule established by Charlemagne by emphasizing education, religion and justice.

• Some historians think he may be the real “Arthur”

William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Political System

Evolution of England’s Political System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

challenges RCC authority—murders Thomas A’Becket at Canterbury

Wife: Eleanor of Aquitaine

Sons: Richard I (Lionheart)

John

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. (Edward I)

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies:

France

The Rise of European Monarchies:

France• Frequent conflict with England

• Philip Augustus (II) reclaims some land from Prince John– Solidifies power– Creates bailiffs (judges)– Common law

• Philip IV creates Estates General (1307)– Never develops into a

legislature– Advisory only

• Hundred Years War (1337-1453)– Fr able to reclaim all

lands except Calais pjh

• Spain ruled by Moors—al Andalus• Spanish Crusade: The Reconquista

– Gradually lands won by Christians– Completed by Ferdinand & Isabella in 1492

The Rise of European Monarchies:

Spain

The Rise of European Monarchies:

Spain

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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

• Called upon by Byzantine Emperor

• Urban II sees opportunity to– Free the Holy Land– Reunite the Christian Church– Stop knights from fighting at home

• Urban II promises– Freedom from debts– Salvation if die in the Crusade

• Urban falsifies what Muslims did—makes it seem worse than it was

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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

1096—20,000 peasants

• Peter the Hermit

• Walter the Penniless

• Killed Jews in Belgrade

• Slaughtered by Muslims in Anatolia

• 1094-1097

• 50,000 to 60,000 knights trained in Fr & Ger

• Gained Crusader states (Outreamer), introduced feudalism, gathered learning & luxury goods

• Lasted 50 years

• 1147-1149

• Led by Louis VII of Fr & Conrad III, HRE

• Eleanor of Aquitaine (Amazons)

• Finally defeated

• 1187-Saladin captured Jerusalem

• 3 kings-Richard I-Eng, Philip II-Fr, & Frederick I-HRE (1189-1191)

• Frederick drowns, Richard & Phillip argue…Phil returns to Fr regains lands from John

• Richard fights, Saladin offers truce, Richard says no…loses…kidnapped on way home

• 1202-1204

• Innocent III calls knights who make a deal with Venetian merchants

• When finished-excommunicated, goes after Constantinople

• 1204-pillages for 3 days-Latin Empire

1212-Stephen led 30,000 children from ages 6-16

-sold into slavery

-many drowned or lost in the mountains

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Christian Crusades: East and West

Christian Crusades: East and West

Effects of the

Crusades

Pol

itica

lEconomic

Religious

Educational

• Power of kings increase

• Feudalism declines

• Serfdom declines

• National identities

develop

*Towns develop—demand for luxury items increases *Middle class develops—guilds *Banks develop *Bubonic plague spreads

• Church weakens (corrupt, too secular)

• Pope’s authority questioned

• Babylonian Capitivity

• Great Schism• G/R knowledge reintroduced

• Universities develop—literacy increases

• Writing in the vernacular (Chaucer, Dante)

• New Ideas challenge RCCpjh

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Oxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval Trade

Revival of Trade• Warfare lessened, roads safer• Italy & Flanders saw urban revival

– Guilds – Increased manufacturing attracts freed serfs

• Italy (Venice, Genoa, Pisa)– Spices, textiles, banking (Florence)– Revive Mediterranean Maritime System

• Flanders (Ghent, Bruges, Ypres)– Fishing, wood trade, textiles (wool)

• Revival of coin usage, barter drops, banks develop

• Hanseatic League—trade in the Balticpjh

Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Hall

Guild Hall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices in some cases

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild

Century of Turmoil• Great Schism ( 1304-1417)

– Babylonian Captivity– Destruction of the Knight’s Templar (Friday the

13th)– Too many popes

• Black Death (1347-1350)• Hundreds Years War (1337-1453)

– England vs. France– Claim to the throne of France– Dispute over land– Joan of Arc– Introduction of longbow, gun powder saw end of

effectiveness of mounted knights

Fleas & rats carried the bacteria and

would infect humans and food supply

Mongolia—E. Asia/China Constantinople

War & trade—grain caravans, catapults across walls of Kaffa

Boils, swelling, turned ashy color, died w/n 5 days 1/3-1/2 pop of

Europe

Burn victims, ashesBurn clothes, bodied…

mass graves

1347-1350

1. Questioned power of the RCC 2. killed Jews scapegoat 3. Feudalism declines, peasants revolt

Technological Advances• Water wheel• Iron production

– Mines– Deforestation

• Agriculture– Iron horseshoes– Horse collar– 3-Field system– Improved plow

• Military– Longbow– Trebuchet– Gun powder

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• Urban to rural following fall of Rome

• Black Death 1/3 to ½ population lost– Would take 100+ years to recover

• Rural to urban following Crusades and Black Death

Demographic Changes

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Environmental Changes• Temperatures increase (Little Ice Age ends)

– More land cultivated• Drained swamps• Cut forests

• Mining increased tore up land• Iron-working deforestation

– Charcoal for fires– Iron furnace could consume 5/8 of a mile within 40

days• Dams & canals changed course of rivers• Pollution

– Urban tanneries dumped waste in waterways• Mixed with human waste

– Burning smut in air– First anti-pollution law 1388 in England

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• Vernacular

• Secular

• Role of ind. stressed

• humanistic

• Petrarch

• Castiglione

• Boccaccio

• Machiavelli

• Renewed interest in learning

• Wealthy patrons support artists, authors

• Lorenzo de Medici

• RCC

• Realistic

• Perspective

• Humanistic

• Classical

• Sculpture

• Painting: Frescoes, oils

• Donatello

• Botticelli

• Brunelleschi

• Leonardo

• Michelangelo

• Raphael

• New views of the world

• Role of ind increased

• Questioning of authority

• Curiosity about the world (exploration, sci rev)

• Vernacular

• Call for reforms

• satires

• Erasmus

• Sir Thomas More

• Shakespeare

• Cervantes

• Photographic

• Attention to details

• Secular mostly

• Rich deep hues

• Van Eyck

• Holbein

• Bruegal

Ideas spread through

use of the printing

press Gutenberg

Centered in

Florence then to

Rome