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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Chapter 5Periodic Table /
Elements
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
St. Peters, MO
2006, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th editionTheodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;
and Bruce E. Bursten
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Video
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Symbols of Elements
Elements are symbolized by one or two letters.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Atomic Number
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons:
The atomic number (Z)
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table:
• A catalog of elements.
• Elements are arranged in order of atomic number.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodicity
When one looks at the chemical properties of elements, one notices a repeating pattern of reactivities.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table• The rows on the
periodic chart are periods.
• Columns are groups.• Elements in the same
group have similar chemical properties.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Groups
These five groups are known by their names.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table
Nonmetals are on the right side of the periodic table (with the exception of H).
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table
Metalloids border the stair-step line (with the exception of Al and Po).
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table
Metals are on the left side of the chart.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Periodic Table
• We fill orbitals in increasing order of energy.
• Different blocks on the periodic table, then correspond to different types of orbitals.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Development of Periodic Table
• Elements in the same group generally have similar chemical properties.
• Properties are not identical, however.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Development of Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer independently came to the same conclusion about how elements should be grouped.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Development of Periodic Table
Mendeleev, for instance, predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Ionization Energy
• Amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a gaseous atom or ion.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Trends in First Ionization Energies
• As one goes down a column, less energy is required to remove the first electron.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Trends in First Ionization Energies
• Generally, as one goes across a row, it gets harder to remove an electron.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Properties of Metal, Nonmetals,and Metalloids
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Metals versus Nonmetals
Differences between metals and nonmetals tend to revolve around these properties.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Metals versus Nonmetals
• Metals tend to form cations.• Nonmetals tend to form anions.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Metals
Tend to be lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Metals
• Compounds formed between metals and nonmetals tend to be ionic.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Nonmetals
• Dull, brittle substances that are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Nonmetals
• Substances containing only nonmetals are molecular compounds.
• Most nonmetal oxides are acidic.
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PeriodicProperties
of the Elements
Metalloids
• Have some characteristics of metals, some of nonmetals.
• For instance, silicon looks shiny, but is brittle and fairly poor conductor.