Performance Performance Enhancing DrugsEnhancing Drugs
Kristin ZenkerKristin Zenker
CBE 555CBE 555
OverviewOverview
HistoryHistory TypesTypes How does each type work?How does each type work? RegulationRegulation AvailabilityAvailability Questions?Questions?
HistoryHistory Not a new phenomenonNot a new phenomenon Stories date back thousands of years to Stories date back thousands of years to
Ancient Olympic gamesAncient Olympic games Ground horse hooves and sheep testiclesGround horse hooves and sheep testicles
In Chinese traditional medicine, substances In Chinese traditional medicine, substances such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall such as deer antler, tiger bone, bear gall bladder, ginseng and other roots and much bladder, ginseng and other roots and much more were consumed and were thought to more were consumed and were thought to bolster the males body.bolster the males body.
Athletes in Late 19Athletes in Late 19thth/Early 20/Early 20thth century century Caffeine and strychnineCaffeine and strychnine
Dutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic gamesDutch cyclist death in 1960 Olympic games International Olympic Committee came out with International Olympic Committee came out with
first list of prohibited drugs.first list of prohibited drugs.
TypesTypes
Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic and THG)THG)
Health SupplementsHealth Supplements AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione CreatineCreatine
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)Human Growth Hormone (hGH) StimulantsStimulants
AmphetaminesAmphetamines EphedraEphedra
SteroidsSteroids Lipid produced naturally Lipid produced naturally
by the human bodyby the human body TestosteroneTestosterone EstrogenEstrogen ProgesteroneProgesterone CholesterolCholesterol
Synthetic steroids are Synthetic steroids are called “Anabolic” or called “Anabolic” or “Anabolic-Androgenic”“Anabolic-Androgenic” ““anabolic” Greek for “to anabolic” Greek for “to
build up” and “androgenic” build up” and “androgenic” Greek for “masculization”Greek for “masculization”
Steroids - HistorySteroids - History First produced in late 1930’s to treat First produced in late 1930’s to treat
hypogandismhypogandism Commonly prescribed for medical Commonly prescribed for medical
reasonsreasons Preventing loss of bone density from Preventing loss of bone density from
osteoporosis osteoporosis Counter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDSCounter-acting body-wasting effects of AIDS
Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the Late 1950’s, weightlifters discovered the athletic benefitsathletic benefits
1991 – Congress made steroids a 1991 – Congress made steroids a controlled substance in the U.S.controlled substance in the U.S.
Steroids – How do they Steroids – How do they work?work?
Taken by injection or in pill formTaken by injection or in pill form Stimulates certain proteins involved Stimulates certain proteins involved
in the building of muscle tissuein the building of muscle tissue Results in fat free muscle massResults in fat free muscle mass
Blocks action of bodily chemicals Blocks action of bodily chemicals that signal muscle fatiguethat signal muscle fatigue
““Cycling” and “Stacking”Cycling” and “Stacking”
Steroids – Side EffectsSteroids – Side Effects
Liver tumors and cancerLiver tumors and cancer JaundiceJaundice Fluid retentionFluid retention High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure Increase in LDL, decrease in HDLIncrease in LDL, decrease in HDL Elevated risk of heart attack and Elevated risk of heart attack and
strokestroke Kidney tumorsKidney tumors Severe acneSevere acne
Steroids –Side Effects, Steroids –Side Effects, con’tcon’t
Some side effects differ in men and womenSome side effects differ in men and women Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of Men – increased breast size, shrinkage of
testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, testicles, baldness, reduced sperm count, possible impotencepossible impotence
Women – development of masculine features Women – development of masculine features such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, such as facial hair and deepening of the voice, reproductive system abnormalitiesreproductive system abnormalities
Emotional – increase in aggressive Emotional – increase in aggressive behavior, “roid rage”behavior, “roid rage”
Athletes that stop after long term use Athletes that stop after long term use suffer depression and symptoms of suffer depression and symptoms of withdrawal.withdrawal.
Steroids - THGSteroids - THG TetrahydrogestrinoneTetrahydrogestrinone Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency Oct 16, 2003 – US Anti-Doping Agency
first told world about thisfirst told world about this Not approved by the FDA so illegalNot approved by the FDA so illegal Use of THG is an alternative to other Use of THG is an alternative to other
steroidssteroids Closely resembles steroids gestrinone Closely resembles steroids gestrinone
and trenboloneand trenbolone Known as a “designer” steroidKnown as a “designer” steroid
Manipulated by chemists so it would be Manipulated by chemists so it would be undetectable during doping testsundetectable during doping tests
Health SupplementsHealth Supplements
OTC health supplements another OTC health supplements another way athletes use to improve their way athletes use to improve their body and performance.body and performance.
Not regulated by the FDANot regulated by the FDA ExamplesExamples
AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione Creatine Creatine
AndrostenedioneAndrostenedione Popular athletic supplementPopular athletic supplement Also known as “Andro”Also known as “Andro” Initially categorized as a testosterone Initially categorized as a testosterone
precursorprecursor One of the chemicals from which the body One of the chemicals from which the body
synthesizes testosteronesynthesizes testosterone NFL banned in 1997NFL banned in 1997 Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998 Mark McGwire admitted to using in 1998
when he set the HR record for most in one-when he set the HR record for most in one-seasonseason
FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004FDA reclassified as a steroid in 2004
Androstenedione – Side Androstenedione – Side EffectsEffects
Differ for men and womenDiffer for men and women Men – decrease in production of Men – decrease in production of
testosterone, increase in production of testosterone, increase in production of estrogen, acnes, decreased sperm countestrogen, acnes, decreased sperm count
Women – acne and masculinityWomen – acne and masculinity
CreatineCreatine Occurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscleOccurs naturally in the body in skeletal muscle Helps to supply energy to muscle cellsHelps to supply energy to muscle cells Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and Made in the liver from 3 amino acids – glycine, arginine, and
methioninemethionine When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s When taken as a nutritional supplement, increases the body’s
supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Creatine – HistoryCreatine – History Usage documented back to the early 20Usage documented back to the early 20thth
centurycentury Only recently came into public view after Only recently came into public view after
1992 Olympics1992 Olympics Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally Linford Christie (gold metal 100 m dash), Sally
Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s Gunnel (gold metal 400 m hurdles), Britain’s rowing teamrowing team
At time, low potency dosage supplements At time, low potency dosage supplements available in UKavailable in UK
1993 – Company Experimental 1993 – Company Experimental Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced Applied Sciences (EAS) introduced compound to sports nutrition compound to sports nutrition market under Phosphagen labelmarket under Phosphagen label
Creatine – What does it Creatine – What does it do?do?
Can be taken in as a powder mixed into Can be taken in as a powder mixed into a drink or as a pilla drink or as a pill
In the body, creatine is changed into a In the body, creatine is changed into a molecule called “phosphocreatine” – molecule called “phosphocreatine” – reservoir for energyreservoir for energy
During intense exercise, broken down During intense exercise, broken down into creatine and phosphateinto creatine and phosphate Energy released is used to regenerate ATPEnergy released is used to regenerate ATP
Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in Bigger storage of phosphocreatine in muscles reduces fatiguemuscles reduces fatigue
CreatineCreatineSome studies suggest that… Some studies suggest that… creatine provides a boost for short creatine provides a boost for short
bursts of maximal effortbursts of maximal effort Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant Helps with anaerobic exercise, no significant
effect for aerobic exerciseeffect for aerobic exercise Ingesting creatine can increase the level Ingesting creatine can increase the level
of phosphocreatine in the muscle by of phosphocreatine in the muscle by 20%20%
Increases in both total and fat free body Increases in both total and fat free body massmass
Buffer the lactic acid produced during Buffer the lactic acid produced during anaerobic work outsanaerobic work outs
Human Growth Hormone Human Growth Hormone (hGH)(hGH)
Naturally produced in the body – Naturally produced in the body – synthesized in the pituitary glandsynthesized in the pituitary gland
Synthetic version of hGH originally Synthetic version of hGH originally marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with marketed in the 1980’s to treat kids with stunted growthstunted growth
Recent years promoted as anti-aging from Recent years promoted as anti-aging from drug companiesdrug companies
Currently banned by the governing Currently banned by the governing bodies of major sports, including the bodies of major sports, including the OlympicsOlympics
hGH – How does it work?hGH – How does it work? Influences a variety of metabolic process Influences a variety of metabolic process
involving carbohydrates, proteins, and involving carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty tissuesfatty tissues
Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the Stimulates the body’s synthesis of the proteins that form bone and muscle proteins that form bone and muscle tissuetissue
Stimulates collagen – necessary for Stimulates collagen – necessary for strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, strengthening cartilage, bones, tendons, and ligamentsand ligaments
Increases testosterone levelsIncreases testosterone levels Stimulates the liver to produce growth Stimulates the liver to produce growth
factorsfactors
hGH – Side EffectshGH – Side Effects
Abnormal growth of facial hair and Abnormal growth of facial hair and skeletal features, liver problems, skeletal features, liver problems, irregularities in the processing of irregularities in the processing of insulin, and heart diseaseinsulin, and heart disease
If taken before or during puberty – If taken before or during puberty – leads to gigantismleads to gigantism
Taken excessively as an adult – leads Taken excessively as an adult – leads to diabetesto diabetes
Stimulants – In GeneralStimulants – In General Athletes use to provide a boost in energy Athletes use to provide a boost in energy
and alertnessand alertness Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known Caffeine and Cocaine are 2 well known
stimulantsstimulants Affect the nervous system – causes Affect the nervous system – causes
temporary increase in the heart rate and temporary increase in the heart rate and blood pressureblood pressure
Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, Negative effects – heart attack, stroke, hypertension, agitation, physical hypertension, agitation, physical addiction, sudden cardiac deathaddiction, sudden cardiac death
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has a list of banned substances – includes more list of banned substances – includes more than 40 stimulantsthan 40 stimulants
Stimulants Commonly Used Stimulants Commonly Used by Athletesby Athletes
Amphetamines “speed” “crank”Amphetamines “speed” “crank” Used by baseball players for decadesUsed by baseball players for decades Stimulant used to diminish the appetite, Stimulant used to diminish the appetite,
control weight, and treat disorders control weight, and treat disorders including narcolepsy and ADDincluding narcolepsy and ADD
Releases stores of norepinephrine and Releases stores of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endingsdopamine from nerve endings
Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine Prevents the transporters of norepinephrine and dopamine from recycling themand dopamine from recycling them
Increases the concentration of the Increases the concentration of the respective neurotransmitters – promotes respective neurotransmitters – promotes nerve impulse transmission nerve impulse transmission
Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t
Side Effects of AmphetaminesSide Effects of Amphetamines Physiological Physiological
Short term – decreased appetite, Short term – decreased appetite, increased stamina and energy, nausea, increased stamina and energy, nausea, irregular heart beat, jitterinessirregular heart beat, jitteriness
Long term – tremors, restlessness, Long term – tremors, restlessness, anxiety, weakened immune systemanxiety, weakened immune system
PsychologicalPsychological Short term – alertness, euphoria, Short term – alertness, euphoria,
increased concentration, rapid talkingincreased concentration, rapid talking Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia, Long term – Insomnia, schizophrenia,
aggressiveness, addiction, paranoiaaggressiveness, addiction, paranoia
Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t
Methylphendate “ritalin” and ModafinilMethylphendate “ritalin” and Modafinil Very similar to amphetaminesVery similar to amphetamines
EphedraEphedra Derived from a plant that contains the chemical Derived from a plant that contains the chemical
ephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetaminesephedrine – stimulant similar to amphetamines Increases the metabolic burning of fatty tissuesIncreases the metabolic burning of fatty tissues
Popular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’sPopular weight loss drug in late 1990’s early 2000’s Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance Stimulant effects the nervous system to enhance
performance and help with activities of longer performance and help with activities of longer durationduration
Stimulants, con’tStimulants, con’t
Ephedra, con’tEphedra, con’t Late 2003, FDA announced ban of Late 2003, FDA announced ban of
ephedra from the marketplace because ephedra from the marketplace because of health concernsof health concerns Generated thousands of complaints and Generated thousands of complaints and
linked to more than 150 deaths in the USlinked to more than 150 deaths in the US Pulled off the marketPulled off the market
Side EffectsSide Effects Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death, Strokes, seizures, heart attacks, death,
raise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythmraise in blood sugar, irregular heart rhythm
RegulationRegulation Sports rules and regulations vary by Sports rules and regulations vary by
level and leaguelevel and league 3 most popular professional leagues – 3 most popular professional leagues –
NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug NFL, NBA, MLB all have different drug policiespolicies
Most prominent effort to make uniform Most prominent effort to make uniform drug policies – 1999 IOC created WADAdrug policies – 1999 IOC created WADA Coordinated and administered extensive Coordinated and administered extensive
drug testing of athletes in the different drug testing of athletes in the different Olympic sportsOlympic sports
WADA published a list of hundreds of WADA published a list of hundreds of banned drugsbanned drugs Violators faced heavy penaltiesViolators faced heavy penalties
Availability of PEDAvailability of PED
SteroidsSteroids 1990’s most US producers stopped making 1990’s most US producers stopped making
and marketing anabolic steroids within the and marketing anabolic steroids within the USUS
Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in Eastern Europe are still producing steroids in quantityquantity
European anabolic steroids are the source of European anabolic steroids are the source of most medical grade steroids sold in the USmost medical grade steroids sold in the US
Creatine, Ephedra, hGHCreatine, Ephedra, hGH Found websites that it is possible to purchaseFound websites that it is possible to purchase
AvailabilityAvailability
ReferencesReferences http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biohttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/bio
bk/BioBookATP.htmlbk/BioBookATP.html http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.htmlhttp://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/
Steroids/anabolicsteroids2.html#anchorSteroids/anabolicsteroids2.html#anchor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/performance-
enhancing-drugs/SM00045enhancing-drugs/SM00045 http://encarta.msn.com/http://encarta.msn.com/
encyclopedia_701765667/Performance-encyclopedia_701765667/Performance-Enhancing_Drugs.htmlEnhancing_Drugs.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid http://www.4-men.org/steroids/thg.htmlhttp://www.4-men.org/steroids/thg.html
Performance Enhancing Performance Enhancing DrugsDrugs
Questions????Questions????