![Page 1: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pathogenic anaerobesPathogenic anaerobes
![Page 2: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats.
Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic bacteria, including
SpirocheteGram-positive cocci and bacilli Gram-negative cocci and bacilli
![Page 3: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Normal places for anaerobics:Normal places for anaerobics:Colon: contains large populations of anaerobic bacteria,
exceeding 1011 organisms/gr of colon content.
Gingival crevicesGingival crevices
Tonsillar cryptsTonsillar crypts
Nasal foldsNasal folds
Hair folliclesHair follicles
UrethraUrethra
VaginaVagina
Tooth surfacesTooth surfaces
![Page 4: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ecology of anaerobic Ecology of anaerobic in the bodyin the body
Anaerobic indigenous flora components are potentially pathogenic if displaced from their normal habitat.
Proliferation of anaerobic bacteria in tissue depends on the absence of oxygen.
Oxygen is excluded from the tissue when the local blood supply is impaired by trauma, obstruction, or surgical manipulation.
![Page 6: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Anaerobes multiply well in dead tissue.
Multiplication of aerobic or facultative organisms in association with anaerobes in infected tissue also diminishes oxygen concentration.
Ecology of anaerobic Ecology of anaerobic in the bodyin the body
![Page 7: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The types of anaerobic infectionsThe types of anaerobic infections
1. Intra-abdominal infectionsIntra-abdominal infections
Abscesses
Postoperative wound infections
Generalized peritonitis
Occur as a consequence of
bowel perforation during surgery or
injury.
![Page 8: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2. Pulmonary infectionsPulmonary infections
Anaerobic lung infections may originate in the bronchi or the blood.
Aspirations from the upper respiratory tract are responsible for initiating infection in the bronchi.3. Pelvic infectionsPelvic infections
Due to gynecologic surgery or in association with malignancy of pelvic organs.
![Page 9: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4. Brain abscessesBrain abscesses
(The infecting organisms usually originate in the upper respiratory tract.)
Meningitis
Brain abscesses
![Page 11: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5. Skin and soft tissue infectionsSkin and soft tissue infections
Combination of anaerobes, aerobes, and facultative organisms often act synergistically
6. Oral and dental infectionsOral and dental infections
These local infections frequently extend to the face and neck and sometimes to other areas of the body such as the brain.
![Page 12: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
7. Bacteremia and endocarditisBacteremia and endocarditis
Endocarditis, an inflammation of the endothelial lining of the heart cavities is occasionally caused by anaerobic bacteria, especially anaerobic streptococci.
![Page 13: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The list of anaerobic bacteriaThe list of anaerobic bacteria
Bacilli Gram positive: ClostridiaGram Negative: Bacteroides, porphyromonas,
Fusobacterium
CocciGram positive: PeptostreptococcusGram negative: Veillonella, Acidominococcus
MegosphoraSpirochetes: includes both aerobic and anaerobic species
![Page 15: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
BacteroidesBacteroides
Important properties:Important properties:Anaerobic, non-spore-forming, Gram negative rods.Of 22 species, 3 are human pathogens:
1. Bacteroides fragilis
2. Bacteroides melaninogenicus
3. Bacteroides corrodens
![Page 16: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Members of the B. fragilis group are the predominant organisms in the human colon, numbering approximately 1011/g of feces, and are found in the vagina of approximately 60% of women.
B. melaninogenicus and B. corrodens are normal oral flora but found in lung abscesses.
![Page 17: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pathogenesis and EpidemiologyPathogenesis and Epidemiology
Local mucosal abscesses due to a break in a mucosal surface
Metastatic abscesses by hematogenous spread to distant organs
Lung abscesses by aspiration of oral flora.
![Page 18: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Virulence factorsVirulence factorsof B. fragilis
The polysaccharide capsule No exotoxin have been found.
![Page 19: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Clinical findingClinical findingThe B. fragilis B. fragilis is frequently associated with:
- Peritonitis
- Localized abscesses
- Pelvic abscesses
- Bacteremia
![Page 20: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Culture on blood agar containing kanamycin and vancomycin to inhibit unwanted organisms.
Identification by biochemical reactions (eg. Sugar fermentations) and by production of certain organic acids (eg. Formic, acetic, and propionic acids) which are detected by gas chromatography.
Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
![Page 21: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Treatmentfor members of B. fragilis
Clindamycin is the drug of choice
Resistant to penicillin, first generation of cephalosporins and aminoglycosides.
Aminoglycosides treat the facultative gram-negative rods in mixed infections.
Seurgical drainage of abscesses
![Page 22: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Treatment for B. melaninogenicus
Highly susceptible to penicillin G
Seurgical drainage of abscesses
![Page 23: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PreventionPrevention
No vaccine
Per-operative administration of a cephalosporins (frequently cefoxitin) for abdominal or pelvic surgery.
![Page 24: Pathogenic anaerobes. Anaerobic bacteria are widely distributed in nature in oxygen-free habitats. Many members of the indigenous human flora are anaerobic](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649ed25503460f94be20bf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)