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Passive seismic reflection imaging,
on the earth and on the moon
Kees WapenaarDelft University of Technology
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Structural trends in the subsurface of the Netherlands,with recent sources of seismicity (white circles) and contours of constant depth of the Mohorovic discontinuity (Beekman and Stephenson).
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25% of antennas in central core
High speed data transport
Antenna cluster (Station)
Central processor
X
Lofar / Persimmon(Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network)
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Test-site Exloo
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Test-site Exloo
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Experiments for Experiments for
optimaloptimalreceiverreceiver
responsesresponses
Zoomed-in dynamite Zoomed-in dynamite
recordings at :recordings at :- 12.5 m (left)12.5 m (left)- 6.25m (middle)6.25m (middle)- surface (right)surface (right)
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Lofar / Persimmon(Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network)
Partners:• Delft University of Technology• Free University of Amsterdam• Utrecht University• TNO-NITG• KNMI• NAM• Shell• MIT
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Lofar / Persimmon(Permanent Seismic Imaging and Monitoring Network)
• Delft University of Technology Seismic Interferometric Imaging
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Ax Bx
Ax Bx
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Cross-correlation
Bx
Ax Bx
ABt
Ax Bx
ABt
ABt
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Cross-correlation
Ax Bx
ABtCross-correlation result is equal to impulsive reflection response
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Cross-correlation
Bx
Ax Bx
ABt
Ax Bx
ABt
ABt
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Simplifying assumptions:
• Direct arrival at xA correlated with primary at xB
• Single diffractor• Primaries only• xA is the specular reflection point
Ax Bx
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Ax Bx
ix
( , , ) A iT t x x ( , , ) B iT t x x
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Ax Bx
ix
( , , ) ( , , ) ( ) ( )B A B A B AR t R t t x x x x x x
( , , ) ( , , ) A i B ii
T t T t x x x x
( , , )B AR t x x( , , ) A iT t x x ( , , ) B iT t x x
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Ax Bx
( , , ) ( , ) ( , )B A obs A obs BR t T t T t x x x x
0 :t
( , , )B AR t x x
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1500 m/s
2000 m/s
Ax
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( , )obs AT t x
Ax
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( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )B A obs A obs BR t T t T t x x x x x x
AxB Bx x B Bx xAxB Bx x B Bx x
( , )obs BT t x
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• Cross-correlation > one virtual source• Repeat for all receivers > many virtual sources• Imaging
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Applications
• Persimmon • Basin analysis• Global seismology• Lunar seismology ?
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Artist impression of reflection imaging of global seismology data
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receiver array
traveltime tomography
Cross-correlation oftransmission responses
source array
reflection imaging
Artist impression of reflection imaging of global seismology data
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Applications
• Persimmon • Basin analysis• Global seismology• Lunar seismology ?
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Here is a bit of background on the seismology of Moonquakes. The info comes from the book "EARTHQUAKES" by G.A. EIBY the retired superintendant of the New Zealand Seismological Observatory in Wellington city.
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Three causes of lunar seismicity:• Impacts• Shallow: 0-60 km (crustal stresses)• Deep : 600 – 900 km (tidal forces)
Features:• ‘High’ frequency (0.1 – 1.0 Hz)• Small amplitudes (0.5 – 1.3 Richter) • Low damping• Long reverberations (~ 60 minutes)
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VectorSeis® Digital Sensor
- No tilt limitations
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Frequency ResponseGeophone & VectorSeis® simultaneously shaken, table motion measured by Laser
Vibrometer, Geophone and VectorSeis outputs normalized to Vibrometer
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
1 10 100
Frequency (Hz)
Am
plit
ud
e R
esp
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se in
dB
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
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1 10 100Frequency (Hz)
Am
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se in
dB
VectorSeis sensor maintains dynamic range at extreme low frequencies
LaserVibrometer
Geophone
VectorSeis
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Applications
• Persimmon • Basin analysis• Global seismology• Lunar seismology ?