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Parts of an Aircraft
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4/15/14 Aerodynamics Day 1 2
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What is an Airplane?
• Aircraft – More general term – Refers to any heavier-than-air object that is
• Supported by its own buoyancy • Supported by the action of air on its structures
• Airplane – Heavier-than-air craft propelled by an engine – Uses aerodynamic surfaces (wings) to
generate lift
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What is an Airplane?
Every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane. – Space shuttle – Gliders – Helicopters
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Why So Many Types?
Every modern aircraft is built for a specific purpose. – Different altitudes – Different speeds – Different weight-carrying capacities – Different performance
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Why So Many Types? • Jet fighters
– Relatively lightweight – Highly maneuverable and very fast – Carry small amount of weight, including fuel – Must refuel on long flights
• Passenger airplanes – Larger, carry more weight, fly longer distances – Less maneuverable and slower
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Why So Many Types?
• Wing types
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Why So Many Types?
Speed – The speed of sound is dependent on altitude
and atmospheric conditions – Mach is the term used to specify how many
times the speed of sound an aircraft is traveling
– Subsonic: Less than Mach 1 – Transonic: Mach .9 to Mach 1.5 – Supersonic: All speeds above Mach 1 – Hypersonic: All speeds greater than Mach 5
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4/15/14 Aerodynamics Day 1 9
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Parts of an Airplane • Five basic structural components
– Fuselage – Wings – Empennage (tail structures) – Propulsion system – Undercarriage
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Fuselage
• Main body structure – All other components are attached to it
• Contains – Cockpit or flight deck – Passenger compartment – Cargo compartment
• Produces a little lift, but can also produce a lot of drag
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Wings • Most important lift-producing part of the
aircraft • Also carries the fuel • Designed so that the outer tips of the
wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage – Called the dihedral – Helps keep the airplane from rolling
unexpectedly
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Wings
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Wing Designs • Straight Wing
– Found mostly on small, low-speed airplanes
– Good lift at low speeds – Not suited to high speeds – Creates a lot of drag
because the wing is perpendicular to the airflow
– Provides good, stable flight – Cheap and can be made
lighter
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Wing Designs • Sweepback
– Used on most high-speed airplanes
– Less drag, but more unstable at low speeds
– Amount of sweep depends on the purpose of the airplane
• Commercial airliner has moderate sweep
• High speed airplanes (e.g., fighters) have moderate sweep
• No forward sweep wings are in mass production
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Wing Designs
• Delta Wings – Looks like a large triangle
from above – Can reach high speeds – Landing speeds are very
fast – Wing shape found on the
supersonic transport Concord
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Wing Designs • Swing Wing
– This design combines the high lift characteristics of a straight wing with the ability of the sweepback wing to move at high speeds
– During landing and takeoff, wing swings into an almost straight position
– During cruise, wing swings into a sweepback
– Hinges that enable wings to swing are very heavy
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Wing Components • Trailing edge
equipped with flaps – Move backward and
downward – Increase the area of
the wing and the camber of the airfoil
– Different from the ailerons, also located on the trailing edge of the wing
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Wing Components • Slats
– Located on the leading edge
– Slide forward and increase the area of the wing and the camber of the airfoil
• Flaps and slats – Used during takeoff and landing – Increase lift at slower speeds.
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Wing Components
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Wing Components
• Spoilers – Located on the top of the wings – Opposite effect from flaps and slats – Reduce lift by disrupting the airflow over the
top of the wing – Deployed after the
airplane has landed and lift is no longer needed
– Increase drag
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Empennage • Also known as the tail
assembly • Provides stability and
control • Two main parts
– Vertical stabilizer (fin) to which the rudder is attached
– Horizontal stabilizer to which the elevators are attached
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Undercarriage
• Also known as the landing gear, which is made up of – Struts – Wheels – Brakes
• Can be fixed or retractable
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Propulsion System
• Provides thrust for the airplane • Many different types of engines
– Piston engines and propellers – Turboprop – Turbojet – Turbofan – Scram jet
• These will be discussed in a later activity.
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Controls
• Instruments and Controls – Supply information
• Altitude • Direction
– Provide control • Steering in the air
and on the ground • Engine power • Braking
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Controls
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Controls
• Roll is controlled by the ailerons – Used to raise and lower the wings
Turning the control wheel left causes the left aileron to raise and lowers the right aileron. The plane rolls left.
Turning the control wheel right causes the right aileron to raise and lowers the left aileron. The plane rolls right.
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Controls • Pitch is controlled by the elevators on the
tail of the plane. • They are controlled by the control wheel
(i.e., stick). If the wheel or stick is pushed forward, the elevators go down, causing the nose to point down and the plane to lose altitude.
If the wheel or stick is pulled back, the elevators go up, causing the nose to point up and the plane to climb.
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Controls • Yaw is controlled by the rudder. • The right foot pedal turns the rudder to the
right. • This action causes the tail to yaw to the
left and the nose to yaw to the right.
To smoothly bank a plane or to turn it left or right, the pilot uses the ailerons and the rudder together.
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Controls
• On the ground, the plane’s direction is controlled by steering the nose wheel. Pilots use their feet on the rudder pedals to control the ground movement
• The rudder pedals are also used to apply the brakes.
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Aspect Ratio
4/15/14 Aerodynamics Day 1 31
L w
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4/15/14 Aerodynamics Day 1 32
Low aspect ratio wing (AR=5.6) of a Piper PA-28 Cherokee
Very low aspect ratio wing (AR=1.8) of the Concorde
Very high aspect ratio wing of the Glaser-Dirks DG-808 glider (AR=27.4)
High aspect ratio wing (AR=12.8) of the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400
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Aspect Ratio=(L^2)/L*W
advantages disadvantages
4/15/14 Aerodynamics Day 1 33
• Planes with a high ratio:
§ More stable in flight § Capacity to carry larger
loads
• Planes with a low ratio: § More maneuverable § Faster § Smaller take-off and landing
area
• Planes with a high ratio:
§ Slower § Less maneuverability § Require a large
landing area § Storage
• Planes with a low ratio: § Small capacity for loads
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Stirland’s Challenge Build 2 Different Paper Airplanes • You must complete your
worksheet at the same time.
• Compare and contrast them.
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Image Resources Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip art. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.). Virtual
skies: Aeronautics tutorial. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/tutorial/intro.html