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PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT
Bachelor of Development Studies year II,
Uganda Christian University
January, Semester 2012
BY
NATAMBA SHADRACK(+256)714/701/782-843010
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INTRODUCTION
Areas to be covered.
What is development.
What is poverty
What is participation
Why participation
Biases of rural development tourism,
Democratizing development
Bottom up.
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The meaning of development
Different scholars and actors define development indifferent ways including entitlements and freedom(Sen), enlarging peoples choices (UNDP) andimproving peoples welfare (World Bank)
It is multi dimensional and includes improvements ineconomic, social, and political aspects of the wholesociety e.g. security, culture, social activities, politicalinstitutions etc.
While there are many ways of measuring
development, in recent years, the HDI has becomethe preferred measure of development based onthree dimensions i.e. economic status, knowledgeand longevity of life
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The meaning of development cont
(a) Traditional viewIn strictly economic terms development traditionally
meant the capacity of the national economy whoseinitial economic condition have been more or lessstatic for a long time to generate and sustain anannual increase in its gross national product (GNP) atthe rate of 5-7% or more.
(b)World Bank view
The World Bank recognizes the challenge of
development as a means to improve the quality oflife especially in the worlds poor countries byincreasing peoples income.
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The meaning of development cont
(c) Modern view of developmentAccording to Todaro development must be conceived
as a multidimensional process involving majorchanges in the social structure or popular attitudeand national institutions as well as the acceleration
of economic growth, reduction of inequality anderadication of poverty.(d) Seers and Sen- New dimensions to
development According to Seers (1979) the purpose of
development is to reduce poverty, inequality, andunemployment. If one or two of these conditionshave been worsening, no amount of income earnedwill mean development has taken place
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For Sen (1999), development involves
reducing deprivation or broadening choice.
Deprivation represents a multidimensional
view of poverty that includes hunger, illiteracy,
illness and poor health, powerlessness,
voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation, and a
lack of access to basic infrastructure (Narayanet al. 2000, pp. 4-5).
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UNDP Human Development Report, 2000
Closely linked to Chamberss conceptualunderstanding of development is that of UN
2000 in which Development is understood as
being about human development. Human
Development is about expanding peoples
choices, by expanding human functionings
and capabilities.
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According to Kaplan A. (2000);
Development is an innate (natural, inherent,
inborn, intrinsic) process found in all living
things. It entails three phases that are not
necessarily superior to one another.
Dependence
Independence
Interdependence
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Dependence is characterized by great learning
and skills acquisition in which other players
play a major role in providing the environment
and resources required for growth.
Independence entails a fundamental changein relationships and a period of testing and
personalizing capabilities and competencies
using them to act and affect the environmentin ways that help establish the actor as unique
and self reliant.
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Interdependence is where the actor realizes
that the full realization of ones own potential
is achieved only through effective
collaboration with others. Development can be seenas a process of
expanding the freedoms that people enjoy.
Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate in Economics.
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Core values of development-Todaro
What is the good life? 3 core values Sustenance that is to say the ability to meet basic
needs.
Self esteem that is to say to be a person i.e. a sense
of worth and self respect of not being used as a toolby others for their own aims.
Freedom from servitude i.e. to be able choose theirlife.
Development must therefore be conceived as a multi
dimensional process involving major changes insocial structures, popular attitudes, and nationalinstitutions as well as the acceleration of economicgrowth, the reduction of inequality and theeradication of poverty.
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The major goals of development
For most 3rd world countries, the majorgoals for development include:-
Social and economic equalization.
Avoidance of economic disparities in theirprosperity of growth of different regionswith in the country.
Rising productivity in all sectors of the
economy. Improved institution and attitudes.
Reduction in poverty level and raising levelsof living.
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Reduction in unemployment levels.
Expand the range of choices both economicand social
The objectives of development (Todaro 2008) Increase the availability and widen
distribution of basic life sustaining jobs suchas shelter
To raise the levels of living
To expand the range of economic and socialchanges
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The Actors in Development
Individuals: Participation in the development process throughlabour etc
Households: Group of people living together
Community: Group of people with shared interests
Government: Set of institutions playing regulatory roles NGOs: Neither run by the state nor profit making
Private Companies: either small enterprises or large globalcorporations run for profit
Multi lateral organizations: they set the global agenda for
economic policy e.g. the IMF, World Bank and United Nations
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Questions
Africa has applied a number of development policies,programs and strategies but is still caught indevelopment disillusionment. How do you account
for this lack of development? More often than not, Africa is generalized in its
development opportunities and challenges. Whydoes this present a challenge for developmentthinkers?
Using any one developmental state, identify lessonsfor a country like Uganda
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References
Hicks N. L. & Streeten P.P (1979). Indicators of Social Development: thesearch for a Basic Needs Yardstick. World Development, Vol. 7
Jinghan, M.L. (2005). Economics of Development and Planning, 38thedition. New Dehli, Prentice Hall.
Meier G.M & Rauch J. E (2005), Leading Issues in Economic Development
8th edition. New York, Oxford. Narayan, et al (2000). Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us?New York:
OUP.
Stiglitz, J (1986) The New DevelopmentEconomicsWorld Bank 14(2)257-65
Todaro P. Michael, (2008), Economic Development in the third world, 10th
edition. New York, Longman.
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Unit 2: Poverty, and development
Poverty
Economic characteristics of poor people
Eradication of poverty and inequality
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Some views on Poverty
Massive poverty and obscene inequality are suchterrible scourges of our times in which the world
boasts breath taking advances in science, technology,industry and wealth accumulation-that they have to
rank alongside slavery and apartheid as social evils.Nelson Mandela, London 2005 .
Poverty is the worst form of violence MahatmaGhandi
Poverty is not created by poor people, it is producedby our failure to create institutions to support human
capabilities Muhammed Yunus, founder of theGrameen Bank of Bangladesh
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Introduction
Recent development theory recognizes that highrates of economic growth and rising levels of percapita income do not necessarily imply economic
development Generally the view of riches is changing as
demonstrated by Reich in the Greening of AmericaWe think of ourselves as an incredibly rich country,but we are beginning to realize that we are also a
desperately poor country-poor in most of the thingsthat through out the history of mankind have beencherished as riches.
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Defining poverty
Poverty is recognized by the Ugandan Government,civil society organizations and the poor themselvesas a lack of the means to satisfy basic material andsocial needs, as well as a feeling of powerlessness
(MFPED, 2000a, 2002b). The poor also have defined poverty. Do not ask me
what poverty is because you have met it outside myhouse. Look at the house and count the holes, look atmy utensils and clothes that I am wearing, look ateverything and write what you see. What you see ispovertyA poor man in Kenya adapted from Voices ofthe Poor.
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Poverty as denial of human rights andentitlements
Poverty as powerlessness
Poverty as humiliation Poverty as destitution/impoverishment
Poverty as failure to meet basic needs
Poverty as traps
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Measuring Poverty
Poverty is measured by an imaginary line
accepted internationally e.g. those living
below a dollar a day
The notions of chronic and absolute poverty
have become common
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Causes of poverty
Multiple compounding factors, such asattitude, access to productive resources,weather conditions, HIV/AIDS, physical
infirmity and gender, worsened the severity ofpoverty, as well as made escape from it moredifficult.
Factors that maintain the poor in poverty
include: the lack of productive assets,
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exploitation and discrimination,
lack of opportunities,
low education and lack of skills,
ignorance,
drought,
disability,
illness and disempowerment.
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Economic characteristics of poor
people
The extent and magnitude of poverty dependson the average level of income and the degreeof inequality in its distribution
The more unequal the distribution of income,the greater the incidences of poverty
Poverty is measured by establishing acommon poverty line although now the
widely used concept is absolute poverty
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The problem is that minimum subsistencelevels vary from country to country but theestablishment of an international line is
helpful Powerlessness seems to be at the core of
poverty
Poverty is un freedom of various sorts, lack of
schools, hospitals, subjugation of women, lackof jobs, hazardous environment etc
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Economic characteristics of poor
people
Disproportionately located in poor countries in South
Asia, and SSA
Located in the rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin
America (between 70-80 per cent)
Affects a disproportionate number of women
Households headed by women
Primarily engaged in agriculture as small farmers orlow paid farm workers
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Chambers cluster of disadvantage
A description poverty by Frik De Beer &
Swanepoel
Rural and urban poverty The deprivation trap by Chambers.