Download - parasitology
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parasitologyparasitology
Medical Parasites:
- Protozoa 1- Platyhelminthes
- Helminthes: 2- Nemathelminthes
- Arthropoda 3- Nematomorpha 4- Acanthocephala 5- Annelida
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WHO Classified of Helminthes WHO Classified of Helminthes According to transmission methodsAccording to transmission methods
1 -Soil transmitted Helminthes : Ascaris, Hook worms
2 -Snail t. H. : Trematoda( Schistosoma,….)
3 -Arthropods t. H. : Filaria, Dracanculus medinensis
4 -Food and Meat t. H. : Taenia saginata, Taenia solium
5 -Direct t. H. ( contagious H.): Enterobius vermicularis …,
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Nematoda
General Discription
Morphology
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Reproductive systemReproductive system
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Digestive systemDigestive system
Bucal cavity
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Classification of NematodaClassification of Nematoda
Nematoda: 1- Phasmidia (Secerenentea) 2- Aphasmida (Adenophora):
ويژگيهاي آفازميدا:
تحليل يافقدان پاپي هاي دمي--سيستم دفعي- ترشحي فاقد كانالهاي جانبي -
- مري سيلندري شكل واجد استيكوزوم يا تروفوزوم- تخمهاي بد ون سگمانته با پالكهاي قطبي
Styletعفونتزا و اغلب واجد L1- الرو مرحله - فاقد فاسميد
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Order: EnoplidaOrder: Enoplida
1 -Super Family: Trichoridea Genus: - Trichuris
- Trichinella - Capillaria
- Anatrichosoma2 -Super Family: - Dioctophymatoidea
Genus: - Dioctophyma 3 -Super Family: - Mermithoidea
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Super Family: TrichroideaSuper Family: Trichroideaويژگيهاي ويژگيهاي
مجزا - وماده نر جنسپهن - خلفي قسمت و ظريف قدامي قسمتواجد - نر آن 1كرم فاقد يا اسپيكولمونودلفيك - مادهاستيكوزوم - واجد مرييافته - تكامل بخوبي وركتوم روه
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Trichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiura( also called the human whipworm)( also called the human whipworm)
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Life CycleLife Cycle
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Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution
The third most common round worm of humans .
Worldwide, with infections more frequent in areas with tropical
weather and poor sanitation practices, and among children .
It is estimated that 800 million people are infected worldwide .
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Clinical FeaturesClinical Features
Most frequently asymptomatic .Heavy infections, especially in small children, can cause
gastrointestinal problems (abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal prolapse) and possibly growth retardation
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Whipworm in the gutWhipworm in the gut
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Prolapsed RectumProlapsed Rectum
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Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
Microscopic identification of whipworm eggs in feces is evidence of infection .
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TreatmentTreatment
Mebendazole is the drug of choice, with albendazole as an alternative
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Causal Agents:Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by nematodes (roundworms) of the genus Trichinella.
In addition to the classical agent T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), several other species of Trichinella are now recognized.
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Trichinella sppTrichinella spp..
1- T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds) worldwide),
2- T. nativa (Arctic bears)
3- T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers)
4- T. britovi )carnivores of Europe and western Asia).
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TrichinellaTrichinella--adultadult
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TrichinellaTrichinella nativanativa
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Life cycleLife cycle
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Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution
Worldwide. Most common in parts of Europe and the United States.
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Clinical FeaturesClinical FeaturesLight infections may be asymptomatic.
Intestinal invasion can be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting).
Larval migration into muscle tissues (one week after infection) can cause periorbital and facial edema, conjunctivitis, fever, myalgias, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and blood eosinophilia.
Occasional life-threatening manifestations include myocarditis, central nervous system involvement, and pneumonitis.
Larval encystment in the muscles causes myalgia and weakness, followed by subsidence of symptoms.
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Splinter hemorrhagesSplinter hemorrhages Swollen eyes Swollen eyes
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AA, , BB:: Encysted larvae ofEncysted larvae of TrichinellaTrichinella in pressed muscle in pressed muscle tissue sampletissue sample.. The coiled larvae can be seen inside the The coiled larvae can be seen inside the
cystscysts
AB
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Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis encysted larvaencysted larva
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CC, , DD:: Larvae ofLarvae of TrichinellaTrichinella, , freed from their cysts, freed from their cysts, typically coiled; lengthtypically coiled; length: : 0.8 to 1 mm0.8 to 1 mm..
CD
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Antibody DetectionAntibody Detection
Immunodiagnostic tests currently available in the U.S. include enzyme immunoassays (EIA).
Antigen preparations may be crude antigens prepared from homogenates of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae or excretory-secretory (ES) products produced by cultured larvae.
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Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
The suspicion of trichinellosis (trichinosis), based on clinical symptoms and eosinophilia, can be confirmed by specific diagnostic tests, including antibody detection, muscle biopsy, and microscopy.
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Trichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiura( also called the human whipworm)( also called the human whipworm)
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Life CycleLife Cycle
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Capillaria sppCapillaria spp..
Causal Agents:The nematode (roundworm) Capillaria philippinensis causes human intestinal capillariasis.
Two other Capillaria species parasitize animals, with rare reported instances of human infections. They are C. hepatica, which causes in humans hepatic capillariasis, and C. aerophila, which causes in humans pulmonary capillariasis.
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The adults ofThe adults of Capillaria philippinensisCapillaria philippinensis (males(males: : 2.3 to 3.2 mm; females2.3 to 3.2 mm; females: : 2.5 to 4.3 mm2.5 to 4.3 mm ))
Larvae of Capillaria philippinensis
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Capillaria philippinensisCapillaria philippinensis egg under light microscopyegg under light microscopy.. Roll over the image for a view of unembryonatedRoll over the image for a view of unembryonated
CC. . philippinensisphilippinensis eggs inside an adult femaleeggs inside an adult female. .
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Life CycleLife Cycle
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Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution
Capillaria philippinensis is endemic in the Philippines and also occurs in Thailand.
Rare cases have been reported from other Asian countries, the Middle East, and Colombia.
Rare cases of human infections with C. hepatica and C. aerophila have been reported worldwide.
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Capillaria aerophilaCapillaria aerophila
adult worms reside in the epithelium of the tracheo-bronchial tract of various animals. Eggs are produced, coughed up, swallowed by the animal, and excreted in its feces. The eggs become embryonated in the soil. Ingestion of infective eggs completes the cycle. Transport or paratenic hosts may also intervene in the cycle.
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Capillaria hepaticaCapillaria hepatica
adult worms reside in the liver of various animals, especially rats. The females produce eggs that are retained in the liver parenchyma. When the infected animal is eaten by another animal, the eggs are released by digestion, excreted in the feces of the second animal, and become embryonated in the soil. Alternately, the eggs can be released following the death and decomposition of the first animal, and mature in the soil. Following ingestion by a subsequent host, these infective eggs release larvae in the intestine that migrate through the portal circulation to the liver, where they develop into adults.
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Capillaria hepaticaCapillaria hepatica eggseggs
Capillaria hepaticaCapillaria hepatica eggs in tissueeggs in tissue.. The egg in The egg in DD (higher (higher magnificationmagnification) ) has a typically striated shell and shallow polar has a typically striated shell and shallow polar prominencesprominences
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CapillariaCapillaria hepatica hepatica eggs in livereggs in liver tissuetissue
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Clinical FeaturesClinical Features
Intestinal capillariasis (caused by C. philippinensis) manifests as abdominal pain and diarrhea, which, if untreated, may become severe because of autoinfection.
A protein-losing enteropathy can develop which may result in cachexia and death.
Hepatic capillariasis (C. hepatica) manifests as an acute or subacute hepatitis with eosinophilia, with possible dissemination to other organs. It may be fatal.
Pulmonary capillariasis(C. aerophila) may present with fever, cough, asthma, and pneumonia, and also may be fatal.
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Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
The specific diagnosis of C. philippinensis is established by finding eggs, larvae and/or adult worms in the stool, or in intestinal biopsies.
Unembryonated eggs are the typical stage found in the feces. In severe infections, embryonated eggs, larvae, and even adult worms can be found in the feces.
The specific diagnosis of C. hepatica infection is based on demonstrating the adult worms and/or eggs in liver tissue at biopsy or necropsy.
(Note: identification of C. hepatica eggs in the stool is a spurious finding, which does not result from infection of the human host, but from ingestion by that host of livers from infected animals.)
The specific diagnosis of C. aerophila is based on demonstrating eggs in stool or in lung biopsy
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Microscopy
Capillaria philippinensis eggs. These unembryonated eggs are peanut shaped and measure 36 to 45 µm in length by 21 µm in width. They have two inconspicuous polar "plugs" and a striated shell.
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Dioctophyma renaleDioctophyma renale
Commonly called the giant kidney worm, Dioctophyma renale has been found most frequently in mustelids and in wild and domestic carnivores in practically all parts of the world. Infrequent occurrences of the parasite have been recorded in pigs, horses, cattle and man
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Adult worm showing enormous sizeAdult worm showing enormous size
Length20 to 100 cm
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Drawing showing Drawing showing charactericscharacterics of a male's fleshy bursa of a male's fleshy bursa
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Dioctophyma renaleDioctophyma renale egg egg
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HabitatHabitat
Dioctophyma renale has a wide range of mammalian host species, such as dog, wolf, cheetah, mink, horse, swine and humans.
Fish-eating mammals are the most common hosts of D. renale because fish often serve as paratenic hosts after ingesting an infected annelid intermediate.
Any mammal that drinks water infested with infected annelid intermediate hosts, such as horses, has the potential of ingesting an infective third stage juvenile of D. renale.
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AnnelidaAnnelidasegmented wormssegmented worms
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ReproductionReproduction
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Pathogenesis & clinical manifestationPathogenesis & clinical manifestation
Most hosts of D. renale, including humans, suffer from pressure necrosis caused by growing worms and their feeding activities. This reduces the infected kidney to a thin-walled, ineffective organ.
Loss of kidney function and uremic poisoning are severe side effects.
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TreatmentTreatment
Treatment is limited to surgical removal of the parasite and the affected kidney.
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Photography of canine dioctophymosisPhotography of canine dioctophymosis