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Title:
Paradigm shifts in RF testing beyond LTE: Lessons learnt and challenges ahead
Narrative:Cobham Wireless has been the market leading network infrastructure test solutionprovider since 3G, LTE to 4G. We are the thought-leader in enabling development toolsand test technologies for wireless technology researches and advancements. We willshare our experiences, observations and thoughts on the paradigm shifts and conceptchanges in the testing of the generation defining RF and wireless technologies beyond4G towards 5G.
Bio:Li-Ke Huang is the Research & Technology Director at Cobham Wireless responsible forproduct concept and core technology innovations. He specializes in leading earlytechnology research programs for the TM500 network tester family, which is theindustry standard wireless network tester used by network operators and infrastructurevendors worldwide.
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Paradigm shifts in RF testing beyond LTE: Lessons learnt and challenges ahead
• TM500 product family: De facto network infrastructure test solution
• T&M’s view of Wireless Technology Advancements
• Thoughts on wireless system R&D paradigm shifts
• Examples of current & future T&M challenges
Li-Ke Huang @ Wireless Heritage SIG, 19th February 2015, Stevenage
2/20/20152
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TM500 product family
De facto network infrastructure test solution and development tool
2/20/20153
UbiNetics => Aeroflex => Cobham Wireless(2000) (2006) (2014)
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15 years’ enabling ‘generation defining’ technologies
TM500
▼Always 1st to market 3GPP features
▼Enabler for wireless technology advancements solving all kinds of eNB network R&D problems
▼Thought-leader in wireless T&M technologies & development tools
▼Active researcher in 4G evolution towards 5G
GSM•GMSK•Viterbi
•Speech codec
•12.2k
1990
UMTS/R99•WCDMA
•Tubro•Power control
•356k
2000
HSDPA•HARQ•14Mbps
2004 2008
LTE•OFDM
•FC-FDMA
•2x2 MIMO•50Mbps
LTE/R8•4x4 MIMO
•300Mbps
•TDD
2014
LTE-A (4G)•Carrier aggregation•UL-MIMO
•eICIC
•Relay
2011 20202006
Release 11/12
•CoMP•TDD/FDD
•feICIC•256QAM•iRAT
•3CC
•Dual conn.
LTE/R9•Dual layer BF•Positioning
•eMBMS
20182016
5G
C-RANSDN
mmWave
CDN
Massive-MIMO
HetNetLAA
LTE-U
SON
IoT
D2D
MSA
Artificial intelligent
??SDAI
3D-MIMO
NFV
MEC
Fog-computing
NA-IC
Wifi-offload
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15 years of wireless T&M technology platform development
2009LTE SUE & MUE
HSPA+
2010-2012HSPA+ MUE
LTE SUE, Ext-MUE,
LTE Capacity test
LTE-A PoC
Oct 2008
Platform C
LTE SUE
2003 –
TM500
Platform A
HSDPA SUE & MUE
1999 –
TM100
R99 - 384kbps
2007
Platform B
HSPA+ SUE & MUE
LTE PoC
SYSTEMS
2013-2014
Latest Hardware12,000 UE capacity
HSPA Ext-MUE/capacity
LTE-A & Rel-11/12
HSPA Rel-105G
Virtualised
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Wireless technology development cycle
Research & PoC
Standardisation & specification
Design & implementation
Production & deployment
Optimisation & evolution
Increased expectation => new market & technology drivers
4G+
5G
Enabling development tools and test solutions at every stage
Lesson learnt & new challenges
• R&D cycle speeding-up and R&D stages merging
• Paradigm shifts in system architecture & design flows
• Increasing customer/market expectations
• Incorporating innovative technologies from all domains
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R&D race beyond 4G (LTE-A) towards 5G
2/20/20158
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
R14 (5G) R15 R16
R14 R15 R16R13
3GPP/5G
3GPP/4GFocal point for technical spec.
Vision Requirements/Methods Wkp Proposals
ITU
Evaluation
IMT-2020
specifications
METIS/5GNOW 5GPPP (spec) 5GPPP (dev) 5GPPP (exp)
EU
Start up Vision Research Test-bed
UK/5GIC
Winter Olympics in South Korea
Summer Olympics in Japan
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Our observation
How T&M to enable wireless technology advancements
2/20/20159
Time
Com
ple
xity &
sca
le
System under test
Test system
Research & PoC
Advanceddevelopment
Full scale development & deployment
5G is here.(today’s technologies tomorrow’s problems)
4G is here.
Lessons learnt:▼ T&M should progress with SUT▼ Test the weakest link▼ Test real-life network scenario▼ Anything can go wrong will go wrong▼ Make/expect mistakes and make them early
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Cobham Wireless (Aeroflex) research cooperation with 5GIC
• UK’s 5G research leadership with ProfRahim Tafazolli of 5G Innovation Centre(5GIC) in Surrey University
• Aeroflex (Cobham) is founder member of5GIC along with AIRCOM, Ascom, BBC,BT, EE, Fujitsu, Huawei, R&S, Samsung,Telefonica and Vodafone
• 5GIC’s technological vision of achieving‘perceived’ infinity network capacity fromend users’ point of view
• ‘Real-life’ 4G+ to 5G test bed to bedeveloped in Surrey University with joinedefforts from all partners
10
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Aeroflex (Cobham) technologies and capabilities
enabled 1st 5G air interface demo on MWC2014
• TM500 platform for 5G technology researches
• FBMC/IOTA modem selected as 1st example
• Downlink physical layer design within LTE framework
• Development & test tools to evaluate KPIs with system design gains
• Framework for converting theories to practices
2/20/201511
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Cobham Wireless (Aeroflex) 4G+ PoC technology demos in 2014/2015
• 256QAM demo on TM500 in InternationalMobile Internet Conference 2014, August,Beijing.
• feICIC receiver demo with test intelligentgeneration and control on TM500 inGlobelcom 2014, December, Austin.
• 5G candidate waveform with FBMC/IOTAscheme on TM500 in cooperation with 5GICin Mobile World Congress 2014, February,Barcelona.
• Generalised Non-orthogonal waveform demowith 5GIC/Cobham in MWC 2015, March,Barcelona.
Come and visit us on MWC 2015!
2/20/201512
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5G disruptive capability targets
Quantifiable targets:
• 1000x traffic volume (> 10 Tbps/km2)
• 1000x number connected devices (> 1 M/km2)
• 100x peal terminal data rate (>10 Gbps)
• 1/10x energy per bit (compared to 2010)
• 1/10x end-to-end latency (<1 ms)
• 1/10x physical layer latency (<0.1 ms)
• 1/10x OPEX
• 1/1000x service deployment time (<90 min)
• Minimum guaranteed terminal data rate > 50Mbps
• Human terminal > 20 billion
• IoT terminal > 1 trillion
• Service reliability > 99.999%
• Mobility > 500km/h
• Outdoor terminal location accuracy < 1m
2/20/201513
Non-quantifiable targets:
• Software defined architecture
• Simplified authentication
• Shared infrastructure
• Multi-tenancy
• Transparent multi-RAT
• Interception capacity
• ICT design principle integration
• OTT integration
• Network service as a service
• Integrated front-haul and back-hual
• CPRI over packet
• Unified network elements
• Single digital market
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Spectrum allocation for future wireless systems
2/20/2015
Proprietary14
6 GHz 100 GHz
Primary band mmWave band
Primary band
• Dynamic spectrum access
• Integration with latency RAT
• Programmable air interface
• New waveforms
• Proven RF technologies
• Spatial processing technologies
• 15 bps/Hz => 100 bps/Hz
mmWave band
• New RF technologies
• Limited range and mobility
• High frequency & BW
• Array beamforming
• 10~20 bps/Hz
• Integrate with primary band
• Longer term efforts
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Our summary
Trends & Drivers in Wireless Technology Advancements
• 2G, 3G, LTE and 4G mostly defined by their Air Interface
• FCC’s generation definition: waveform & frequency
• Future generations: service, infrastructure and user prospects
• Use any frequency band and any RAT (DSA and cognitive network)
•HetNet = fusion of multitude complex technologies & topologies
• Co-operative and intelligent network
•Space: the next frontier
• Large scale, dense and flexible ’elastic’ system’
• Network management (system orchestration) will be the key
•New and advanced KQIs and KPIs
• System centric design, but physical layer (air interface) is NOT dead
15
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T&M challenge #1: What are we testing?
eNB
eNB
EPC
3G/LTE handover with MIMO
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T&M challenge #1: What are we testing?
eNB eNB
EPC
X2
4G+ Downlink CoMP (rapid cooperation is the feature under test)
EPC
eNB
eNB
X2
System under test (2 2x2 point CoMP )
TX1TX2RX1RX2
CPRIA2
B2
C2
D2
TX1TX2RX1RX2
CPRIA1
B1
C1
D1
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T&M challenge #1: What are we testing?
RRH RRH
EPC
Evolution underlying architecture (centralised & software defined)
eNB eNBX2
C-RAN
RRH
eNB
X2
RF/CPRI switch
Software defined entities that can be
dynamically reconfigured(system Orchestration)
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T&M challenge #1: What are we testing?
RRH RRH
Evolution underlying architecture (flat and unified network elements with virtualised functions)
eNB eNB
X2
C-RAN
RRH
RF/CPRI switch
EPC EPC
Network management
eNB
EPCX2
eNB
EPC
D2D link
Virtualised EPC/eNB functions on UE platform
Hybrid-eNB
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T&M challenge #1: What are we testing?
• Dynamic & reconfigurable (testing a moving target)
• Software defined ‘everything’
• Xaas = Cloud computing concept (Test as a service)
• Self ‘everything’ (self-testing)
• Virtualised functions on programmable unified network elements
• Converged architecture diverged services
• Centralised distributed
Summary of key prosperities of future ‘system under test’
2/20/201520
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T&M challenge #2: System and test complexity
2/20/201521
Test Orchestration
• Physical connection to SUT non-defined or not possible
• Not possible for manual testing with the increasing system complexity and new KPIs (e.g. QoE)
• Complex simulation and modelling to create a useful test cases
SUT
Network operator, tester, engineer, researcher or other machines
T&M
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T&M challenges #3: How to test the ‘tester’
2/20/201522
SUT T&M
• Joined & shared R&D• Layered testing • New test interface• Early integration (e.g. ref model)
•Chicken & egg
•Both SUT and T&M are new for very complex features
•Traditional signal generation and signal analysis will not be sufficient
•New approaches in design & test flows
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Discussion by examples:
Integration of air interface, network topology, RF and system technologies development & test complexity
•Interference limited transceiver
•HetNet with feICIC
•CoMP/MU-MIMO/MU-beamforming
•RF array front-end
•3D-MIMO
•Massive MIMO & C-RAN
2/20/201523
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– LTE/HetNet interference limited – cell edge effect
– ICIC = Network management & coordination
– Almost blank sub-frame (ABS)
– Cell reference signal (CRS) becomes main interference resources
– Range expansion 9dB => offloading more UE to small cells
– UE interference cancellation (network assisted)
Interference limited transceiver (1)
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Realistic HetNet cell-edge interfere modelling (1)
2/20/201525
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Realistic HetNet cell-edge interfere modelling (2)
2/20/201526
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Realistic HetNet cell-edge interfere modelling (3)
2/20/201527
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Interference limited transceiver (2)
System gains and KPIs to evaluate:– Cell edge area reduction
– Small cell range extension
– Traffic offloading to small cell
– UE interference cancellation
– Inter eNB coordination efficiency
– CAPEX and OPEX efficiency
SINR (range)
Throughput
90%
KPI: 1 dB gain reduces ~14% CAPX
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Transceiver design covers:
(A) All aspects of info theory and wireless system engineering
(B) The problem cannot be solved in a single domain:
(1) Symbol rate signal processing
(2) Bit rate processing
(3) System & protocol signalling and control
FFT
FFT
RX-1
RX-2
Symbol rate
processing
IC ControlRSRP/
RSRQ
Ctrl
New blocks
SRP
Interference
Cancellation
BRP
Interference
Cancellation
Bit rate
processing
Ctrl
Neigbour cell
info from cell
search
Main data path
Ctrl and signalling
RF
Interference limited transceiver (3)
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Interference limited transceiver (4)
Before After
Interference
level reduced;
comparable to
noise level
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Interference limited transceiver (5)
Low MSC noise
dominating for
SIMO
Significant gain for
low MSC MIMO
-10 -5 0 5 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7SIMO,EVA5,MCS=8
SNR
Thro
ughput(
MB
ps)
IC
reference
w/o IC
10 12 14 16 18 20 220
5
10
15
20
25
30
35SIMO,EVA5,MCS=26
SNR
Thro
ughput(
MB
ps)
IC
reference
w/o IC
0 5 10 15 200
2
4
6
8
10
12
14MIMO,EVA5,MCS=8
SNR
Thro
ughput(
MB
ps)
IC
reference
w/o IC
12 14 16 18 20 220
5
10
15
20
25
30
35MIMO,EVA5,MCS=16
SNR
Thro
ughput(
MB
ps)
IC
reference
w/o IC
SIMO
2x2 MIMO
Transceiver validation alone will not be sufficient to evaluate feICIC from the system point of view.
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HetNet with feICIC (1)
2/20/201532
Test must be in context
Cell topology
Interference modelling
Number of UE
UE mobility
eNB coordination
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HetNet with feICIC (2)
2/20/201533
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HetNet with feICIC (3)
2/20/201534
New KPIs
Cell range extension factor
Fall back success rate
UE offloading rate
T-put gains
eNB coordination accuracy
New ones that are not defined today
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HetNet with feICIC (4)
2/20/201535
New test cases
Relate traffic & interfere
UE mobility
Hot-spot
Negative testing
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HetNet with feICIC (5)
2/20/201536
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HetNet with feICIC (6)
2/20/201537
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HetNet with feICIC (7)
2/20/201538
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RF array front-end (0)
TX1TX2TX3TX4TX5TX6TX7TX8
CPRI
A
B
eNB#1
eNB#2
X2
System under test (Show only DL)
C
D
b
d
a
c
TX1TX2TX3TX4TX5TX6TX7TX8
CPRI
E
FG
H
f
h
e
g
A
B
C
D
a
b
c
d
eNB#1
Spatial channel
between UE#1
and eNB#1
Spatial channel
between UE#1
and eNB#2
eNB#2
Array-1: A, B, C and D
Array-2: a, b, c and d
Array-1 and Array-2 for dual-layer MIMOMultiuser and dual layer beamforming scenario
Real life dual layer array
deployment for LTE
network (2 x 4-element
array)
Normal 2x2 MIMO
antenna
configuration
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RF array front-end (1)
2/20/201540
Beamforming system design challenges
Multi-channel RF
Phase coherency
Beamforming
time and frequency domain
Digital & analogy domain
Single user and multi-user
Peak/null steering
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RF array front-end (2)
2/20/201541
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RF array front-end (3)
2/20/201542
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RF array front-end (4)
2/20/201543
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Array error modelling & measurement (1)
2/20/201544
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Array error modelling & measurement (2)
2/20/201545
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CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (1)
2/20/201546
Co-channel deployment
UEs use different RB
eNBs scheduler design
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CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (2)
2/20/201547
More frequency reuse
UE location dependent
High density cell and high density Ues
Interference limited system efficiency
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CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (3)
2/20/201548
Deploy BF array for each eNB
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CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (4)
2/20/201549
If eNBs start to cooperate …
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Example of network infrastructure test challengesTest case # 2: CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (5)
2/20/201550
Tracking and steering both peaks and nulls …
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Example of network infrastructure test challengesTest case # 2: CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (6)
2/20/201551
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CoMP & Multi-user beamforming/MIMO (7)
2/20/201552
• Negative test to validate the limit of the technology so that we can improve …
• MU-MIMO and CoMPexpected to provide 10x T-put gain for LTE
• CoMP demos enabled by TM500 on MWC 2015
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3D-MIMO (1)
2/20/201553
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3D-MIMO (2)
2/20/201554
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3D-MIMO (3)
2/20/201555
T&M challenges
• Large number of RF channels
• Integrated antenna and RF front-end design
• Hybrid RF and digital beamforming
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5G T&M use case: How to evaluate Massive MIMO system performance sufficiently
2/20/201556
Centralised and virtualised processing resources
C-RAN
Massive MIMO (Smart Tiles)
Narrow 3D beam
UE
UE
CPRI
HetTest interface
Advanced Network Test Solution
• Intelligent test case simulation
• End to end traffic generation
• Corner case and negative test
• KPIs evaluation
UE
UE
UE
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Recap: T&M challenges for future wireless systems
• SUT will be abstract, virtualised, dynamic and large scale
•Design paradigm shifts demand new test archs/methods
• ‘Testability’ & ‘debuggability’ inherent to system design
•RF, AI, protocol testing must be in context
•Redefine physical connection to test equipment
• Produce/model real-life scenarios with new KPIs
• Critical to test the ‘tester’
57
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Thank you and we believe
Challenges = Opportunities
Questions, ideas, discussions, suggestions and cooperation's are welcome.
2/20/201558