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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
PANDA: An Experiment To Investigate Hadron Structure
Using Antiproton Beams
• Overview of the GSI Upgrade
• Overview of the PANDA Physics Program
• Exotic Hadrons in the Charm Mass Region
• HESR: High Energy Storage Ring
• The PANDA Detector
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
The GSI Future Project
• Heavy Ion Physics: hot and dense nuclear matter
• Nuclear Structure: paths of nucleo-synthesis
• Ion and laser induced Plasma: very high energy densities• Atomic physics: QED, strong EM fields, Ion-Matter interactions• Physics with Antiprotons properties of the strong force
Project approved Feb 2003
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
What Do We Want To Know?
• Why don‘t we observe isolated quarks?Q-Q potential in the charmonioum system
• Are there other forms of hadrons?e.g. Hybrids qqg or Glueballs gg
• Why are hadrons so much heavier than their constituents?
p-A interactions
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Don’t We See Isolated Quarks?
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Charmonium – the Positronium of QCD
3D2
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
c(3590)
c(2980)
hc(3525)
(3097)
(3686)
(3770)
(4040)
0(3415)
1(3510) 2(3556)
3D1
3D3
1D2
3P2(~ 3940)
3P1(~ 3880)
3P0(~ 3800)
(~ 3800)
1 fm
C C
~ 600 meV -1000
-3000
-5000
-700011S
0
13S1
21S0 23S
121P
1 23P2
23P1
23P0
031S
0 31D
2 33D2
33D1
33D2
Ionisationsenergie33S
1
e+ e-0.1 nm
Binding energy [meV]
Mass [MeV]
DDThreshold
8·10-4 eV
10-4 eV
• Positronium • Charmonium
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Probe large separations with highly excited qq states_
Charmonium Spectroscopy
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Questions `
c(3590)
• Partial width mostly unknown• Precision spectroscopy
• confirm hc
• Little is known about states above DD
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Antiprotons?
• e+e- annihilation via virtual photon: only states with Jpc = 1--
• In pp annihilation all mesons can be formed
• Resolution of the mass and width is only limited by the beam momentum resolution
Measured rate
Beam
Resonance cross
section
CM Energy
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
High Resolution
• Crystal Ball: typical resolution ~ 10 MeV
• Fermilab: 240 keV
p/p < 10-4 needed
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Are Hadrons So Heavy?
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Hadron Masses
Protons = (uud) ?2Mu + Md ~ 15 MeV/c2
Mp = 938 MeV/c2
(P.Kienle)
no low mass hadrons (except , K, )
spontaneously broken chiral symmetry
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Spontaneous Breaking of Chiral Symmetry
Although the QCD Lagrangian is symmetric, the ground state need not be. (e.g. Fe below TCurie )
Example:
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Quark Condensate
The QCD vacuum is not empty 0qq
Hadron masses are generated by the strong interaction with <qq> (also with gluon condensate)
The density of the quark condensate will change as a function of temperature and density in nuclei.
This should lead to modifications of the hadron’s spectral properties.
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Hadrons in the Nuclear Medium
Spectral functions
W.Peters et al., Nucl. Phys. A632, 109 (1998).S.Klimt et al., Nucl. Phys. A515, 429 (1990).
<qq>
Reduction of <qq>
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Hadron Production in the Nuclear Medium
c d_
d du
c_ d
repulsive
attractive
D-
D+d du
d du
d du
d du
d du
Quark atom
Mass of particles may change in dense matter( ) : 40
( ) : 200
s u
c d
K su m m
D cd m m
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Advantages of p-A Reactions Compared to A-A
Much lower momentum for heavy producedparticles (2 GeV for “free”)
(Effects are smaller at high momentum)
Open charm mass region (H atom of QCD) @HESR(single light quark)
Well defined nuclear environment (T and )
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Strange Baryons in Nuclear FieldsHypernuclei open a 3rd dimension (strangeness) in the nuclear chart
-
3 GeV/c
K+KTrigger
_
secondary target
p
• Double-hypernuclei: very little data
• Baryon-baryon interactions: -N only short ranged (no 1 exchange due to isospin) impossible in scattering reactions
-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Exotic Hadrons
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Glueballs
gg
g
RG
GR
BGGRRB
C. Morningstar PRD60, 034509 (1999)Self interaction between gluons
Construction of color-neutral hadrons with gluons possible
exotic glueballs don‘t mix with mesons (qq)
0--, 0+-, 1-+, 2+-, 3-+,...
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
RBRB
Prediction in QCD:
Collective gluon excitation
(Gluons contribute to quantum numbers)
Ground state: JPC = 1-+ (spin exotic)
Charm Hybrids ccg
distance between quarks
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Mixing With Mesonic States
Width: could be narrow (5-50 MeV) since
DD suppressed for some states
O+- DD,D*D*,DsDs (CP-Inv.)
(QQg) (Qq)L=0+(Qq)L=0 (Dynamic Selection Rule)
If DD forbidden, then the preferred decay is
(ccg) (cc) + X , e.g. 1-+ J/
Ex
oti
c lig
ht
Ex
oti
c cc
1 - - 1 - +
0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0M e V / c2
10 - 2
1
1 0 2
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Partial Wave Analysis
Partial wave analysis as important tool
Example of 1-+ (CB@LEAR)pd X(1-+)++p, X
Strength ~ qq States !
Signal in production but not in formation is interesting !
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
The Experimental Facility
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HESR
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
HESR: High Energy Storage Ring
Beam Momentum 1.5 - 15 GeV/c
High Intensity Mode:Luminosity 2x1032 cm-2s-1 (2x107Hz)p/p (st. cooling) ~10-4
High Resolution Mode:Luminosity 2x1031 cm-2s-1 p/p (e- cooling) ~10-5
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Target• A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics,• A pellet target is conceived:
1016 atoms/cm2 for D=20-40m
1 mm
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Micro Vertexing
7.2 mio. barrel pixels50 x 300 μm
2 mio. forward pixels100 x 150 μm
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Central Tracking Detectors
example event: pp 4K
• MVD: (Si) 5 layers• Straw-Tubes: 15 skewed double-layers• Mini-Drift-Chambers
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Tracking Resolution
J/ K+K- (J) = 35 MeV/c2
() = 3.8 MeV/c2
Example reaction: pp J/ (s = 4.4 GeV/c2)
Single track resolution
Invariant mass resolution
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
PID with DIRC
(DIRC@BaBar)
GEANT4 simulationfor HESR:
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Electromagnetic CalorimeterDetector material PbWO4
Photo sensors Avalanche Photo Diodes
Crystal size 35 x 35 x 150 mm3 (i.e. 1.5 x 1.5 RM2 x 17 X0)
Energy resolution 1.54 % / E[GeV] + 0.3 %
Time resolution 130 ps (N.B. with PMT!)
Total number of crystals 7150
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Staged Construction
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Summary
• GSI will explore the intensity frontier
• High luminosity cooled p-bar from 1-15 GeV/c
• Wide physics program including
• Charmonium spectroscopy
• pbar-A reactions
• Search for glueballs and charm hybrids
• Panda collaboration forming
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
List of participatinginstitutions(incomplete)
40 Institutes (32 Locations) from 9 Countries:Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – U.K. – U.S.
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Physics with stopped antiprotons 18-19 September 2003 at GSI