PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM(PCAP)
PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM(PCAP)
Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan
Vehicles
Brick Kilns
Natural Dust
Stone Crushers
Industry
TransboundaryPollution
DomesticBurningBio-mass Burning
Garbage Burning
Pakistan’s Energy SuppliesTotal: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d)
Nuclear
Coal
Indigenous Oil
LPG
Gas
Hydro
Imported Oil
37.3%
0.2%
13.0%
5.1% 37.1%
6.8%0.4%
Fossil Fuels87%
QUALITY OF FUEL OIL
Pakistan Other Countries of Region
• Sulphur in Diesel oil0.5% 0.05-0.5%
• Sulphur in Furnace oil 3% 0.5-1%
million
1980 0.682 1985 1.288 1990 1.9901995 2.876 2000 3.997 2004 4.973
RISE SINCE 1980 > 600 %
PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12%
Source: Economic Survey of PakistanNational Transport Research Centre
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004
Growth of Vehicles (Millions)
VEHICLE POPULATION
Growth of Vehicles(1980-2003)
Type of vehicle Nos (000) % increase1980 2003
Motorcycles 287 2401 837 %Motor cars 148 1035 699 %Jeeps 16 41 256 %Rickshaws 32 80 250 %Delivery vans 8 75 938 %Buses 25 98 392 %Trucks 34 138 406 %
Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-2004
Inefficient B
urning of Fuel
Adding P
articulate
Matters
to Ambien
t Air
Adding P
articulate
Matters
to Ambien
t Air
Pollutio
n Caused
by Steel F
urnaces
Level of Suspended Particulate Matters Major Cities
g/m3 Microgram per Cubic Meter
Multan 1030
Faisalabad 870
Lahore 895
Karachi 230
Rawalpindi 709
Islamabad 520
Peshawar 834 Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPAStudies carried out in 1993-2003
WHO Guidelines: 120 g/m3
Japanese Standards: 200 g/m3
A Typical PM10 DistributionBaghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003
0.36%3.58%
5.30%
8.71%
36.27% 45.78%
Soil Paricles
Small Comb
non-Fe
vehicle
mineral
unknown
AIR EMISSION TRENDSAIR EMISSION TRENDSALL SOURCES
0100200300400500600700800900
000
tonn
es
1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2003
year
Sulphur DioxideParticulate MatterOxides of Nitrogen
Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000
Effects of Air Pollution
• Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health)
• High suspended particulate matters facilitate formation of fog
• Less Blue Sky Days• Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very
common)
• Increased deaths due to Heart Attack
• Less agricultural yield
• Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading of airborne bacteria and viruses
• Deposition of dust on surface
A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from the ground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which case it is called a regional haze.
In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer. This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground beneath a temperature inversion.
Plume haze result from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers of elevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition where the air is stable or constrained.
How to Reduce SPM and Haze ?• Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM and
haze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, Organic Carbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material (loose dust).
• We must reduce emissions across broad areas of the country
COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
Cost to Pakistan EconomyIn six Environmental Areas
US $ 1.8 billionAnnual Damage in US$
Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste 883 million
Urban Air Pollution 369 millionSoil in Cropland Degradation 357 million
Rangeland Degradation 125 million
Deforestation 28 million
Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million
Total 1777.7 million
Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank 1992-93/Mathew Addison 1997
NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM
Federal and Provincial Governments have taken a number of steps to control air pollution but given the magnitude of the problem, a systematic and coordinated approach is needed through a national program to improve air quality
PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM
PCAP
Pakistan Clean Air Program PCAP
• Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers• Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations• Raising Awareness• Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix• Vehicle Inspection System• Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport and
domestic appliances• Fuel Adulteration Management• Industrial Zoning• Traffic Management• Waste Management• Mass Transit• Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage• Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalytic converters,
exhaust recirculation devices, Particulate Matter arresters )
• Industrial Emission Monitoring• Paving alongside major roads• Plantation to stabilize loose dust
PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare
By End
Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 1st Largest Cities
1. Karachi 9269265 2006 2007 2008
2. Lahore 5143495 2006 2007 2008
3. Faisalabad 2008861 2007 2009 2009
4. Rawalpindi 1409768 2006 2007 2009
5. Multan 1197384 2008 2009 2009
PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare
By End
Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 2nd Largest Cities
6. Hyderabad 1166894 2009 2009 2010
7. Gujranwala 1042509 2008 2009 2010
8. Peshawar 988005 2006 2007 2008
9. Quetta 565137 2006 2007 2008
10. Islamabad 529180 2006 2007 2008
PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare
By End
Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 3rd Largest Cities
11. Sargodha 553604 2008 2009 2010
12. Sialkot 421502 2008 2009 2010
13. Bahawalpur 408395 2008 2009 2010
14. Sukkur 335551 2010 2010 2010
15. Jhang 293366 2010 2010 2010
Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws
By End
Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare
By End
Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City
By End
Set of 4th Largest Cities
16. Sheikhupura 280263 2008 2009 2010
17. Larkana 270283 2011 2010 2010
18. Gujrat 251792 2008 2009 2010
19. Mardan 244511 2011 2010 2010
20. Rahim Yar Khan 233537 2011 2011 2010
21. Sahiwal 207388 2011 2010 2010
22 Okara 201815 2011 2010 2011
PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………
Islamabad Rawalpindi to nearby small cities
GujranwalaLahore Sialkok
Sargodha to nearby small citiesSahiwalOkara
Faisalabad Sheikhupura to nearby small cities
Multan Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan to nearby small citiesJahang
Karachi Hyderabad Sukhar to nearby small cities
Peshawar Mardan to other small cities
Quetta to nearby small cities
Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel and old vehicles
• Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles.
• Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within
five years.
• To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including
soft loans and credit line shall be provided
PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME
Ministry of Environment will coordinate with concerned Federal and Provincial Governments to implement PCAP
Recommendation
• Pakistan Clean Air Program may be approved for implementation