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PS2240
Introduction toPublic Administration
Lecture One
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What is PA?
The problem of how people are to be educated or trained for
participating in public administration.is one that can be solved
only after a decision as to what, after wall, is meant by public
administration..
-- Dwight Waldo in The Study of Public Administration (1955)
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What is PA?
1 PA is administration.
2 PA is public.
3 PA is an art (of practice)
4 PA is a (social) science.5 PA evolves over time.
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1. PA is administration.
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Administration
A type of cooperative
human effort that has a
high degree of rationality
(Waldo, 1955).
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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Administration
Rational actionaction
correctly calculated to
realize given desired goals
with minimum loss to therealization of other
desired goals
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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Administration
Human behavior isintendedly rational, but
only limitedly so (Simon,
1957).
Herbert Simon (1916-2000)
Source: NobelPrize.org at
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates 1978 simon-autobio.html
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Administration
Nonrational actions
irrational component in
human psychologyare
also important.
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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Administration
Nonrational factors are
not working against
organizational goals, but
they can be directedtoward the realization of
goals--- (Waldo, 1955).
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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Administration
Organization:the
structure of authoritative
and habitual personal
interrelationsManagement: action
intended to achieve
rational cooperation in an
administrative system.
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)
Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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2. PA is public.
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What makes PA public?
1. Goals externally determined.
2. Public goods (nonrivalrous, nonexcludable)
3. Monopoly (Not competitive)
4. Primary performance criteria not profits
5. Higher social scrutiny
6. Legal foundation Limited freedom of action7. Things that the government does---?
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Is this public?
Source: Singapore Police Force at http://www.spf.gov.sg/
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Is this public?
Source: Singapore Sports Council at
http://www.ssc.gov.sg/publish/Corporate/en/industry/sportshub.html
The Singapore Government is
looking forward to working withprivate sector partners to capitalise
on its full potential.
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Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
With PPP, the public sector will
move away from owning and
operating facilities, to purchasing
services directly from the private
sector (Ministry of Finance,
Singapore, 2004).
And many more types of PPP
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Public Administration < Governance
Governance consists of the traditions and
institutions by which authority in a country is
exercised. This includes the process by which
governments are selected, monitored andreplaced; the capacity of the government to
effectively formulate and implement sound
policies; and the respect of citizens and thestate for the institutions that govern economic
and social interactions among them.
Source: World Banks Governance Indicator Website athttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp
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3. PA is an art.
PA refers to those activities undertaken by
public administrators in a country to ensure the
attainment oforganizational goals.
(Quah, 1981)
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3. PA is an art.
A central concern is how to run
government efficiently or how to
manage daily government activities
within the legal framework.
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Mesopotamia
(ca. 35,00 BCE)
The Sumerians developed writing as a means of documenting governmental transactions (Faxio, Moffett, Wodehouse, 2009).The earliest writing was based on pictograms. Pictograms were used to communicate basic information about crops and taxes.(The British Museum, http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html)
http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.html -
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2. PA is a (social) science.
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Logical Positivism
The goal of scientific
research is to identify
law-like regularities.
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Law-Like Regularities
Science concerns how independent variable (X)
determines the characteristic or occurrence of
another factor (the dependent variable = Y)
= {}
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Which one is the dependent variable?
Does bureaucracy improve government
efficiency?
Do meritocracy principles improve
administrative effectiveness?
Does public participation improve
accountability?
Does the degree of corruption depend on the
level of compensation for civil servants?
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Logical Positivism
Theoretical hypotheses
must be validated
experimentally.
Facts must be collectedby impartial observers
in an objective manner.
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Science must be systematic.
a method for seeking out and analyzing information
in a systematic and unbiased manner
-- Hellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman (1992).
= {, ? ? }
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Rationality in both types
Public administration as art(creative activity)
managers and administrators calculate the
means to maximize public (or their) goals.
Public administration as a study continuous
calculation of the means by which public
goals, e.g., efficiency, may be maximized.
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Can they get along?
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5. PA evolves.
Administration has been studied in every age and at every stage
of history, but with great variation in means, intensity, andawareness.
-- Dwight Waldo in The Study of Public Administration (1955)
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Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)
Source: Wilson, W. (1887). Study of administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2(2), 197-222
The evolution of American PA.
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There is no republican way to build a road
a progressive reformer
Progressive Era(1890s-1920s)
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Scientific Movement
Taylors Principles of
Scientific Management
(1911)
Positivism gainedascendancy among
scientists (1870s-1900s.)
Development of statistical
software/approaches.
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-
1915)
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Leonard D. White(1891 1958)
White wrote the first PA textbook (1926) from
the perspective of management.
The purpose of administration is to achieve
the most efficient utilization of human and
material resources.
It is important for the PA to become a science
(facts, no values); politics = values.
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Attack on Scientific Approach (1940s-)
Paul H. Appleby (1949)
the politics administrative
dichotomy is a self-imposed
myththe order of any decision is
always subject to political
determination
Paul Henson Appleby (1891-1963), with Indian Prime Minister Nehru in India in 1954.
Source: Maxwell School website: http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/alumni.aspx?id=277
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On politics-admin dichotomy
A great deal (but not all)
of the controversy over
whether public
administration is a scienceor an art stemmed from
failure to agree on which
public administration was
being discussed, thediscipline or the activity.
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)
Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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PA is not a pure but applied science.
Pure science
A is followed by B
Appliedscience
If it is desired to achieve
X, then Y should be done.
carries values.questions logical
positivism.
Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)
Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight
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Minnowbrook Conference III in 2008
The Future of Public
Administration, Around
the World
Phase two -- 220 scholarsand practitioners from 13
different countries.
Photo from the Minnowbrook
Conference center website:
http://www.minnowbrook.org/
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What is PA?
1 PA is administration.
2 PA is public.
3 PA is an art (of practice)
4 PA is science.5 PA evolves over time.
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What is PA to us?
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Module Outline
Definition of Public Administration
Output, Outcome, and Performance
Bureaucracy
Decentralization
New Public Management
Accountability
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Module Outline
Ethics and Responsibility
Representation
Public Participation
Public Budgeting and Financial Management
Challenges and Politics of Administrative
Reform
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Readings
Do not rely on a single textbook.
Focus on definitions and concepts.
Avoid topics covered in other PA modules.
Introduce international cases to add
comparative perspectives.
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Please help me.
Your Name (underline first name)
Your country
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Assessment
CA Marks Tutorial Participation 20%
Term Paper 20%Final Examination 60%
**Feedbacks on my lectures are welcome!
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Term Paper
1. Briefly describe the structure of the government.
Example:
Japan is a unitary state; under the national government are localgovernments comprised of a total of 47 headed by governors: ametropolis (to, in Japanese), a circuit (do), two urban prefectures(hu), and 43 other prefectures (ken). Below these prefectures aremunicipalities.
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Term Paper
2. Identify a public administration challenge
faced by the country/government, and/or
3. Assesses the effectiveness of an ongoing
public administration reform there.
4. Make policy recommendations.
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Term Paper
The body of your paper eight pages.
Plus a cover page and a reference list.
Times New Roman font, double-spaced.
APA or MLA citation style.
Due at 5PM on March 28
One hard copy to your tutors mailbox.
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Suggested Materials
Peer-reviewed academic journals
PA Focus
Regional/Country Focus
Sector Focus
Official country reports
International organizations project
documents.
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International Organizations
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development
The World Bank
The Asian Development Bank
The United Nations Development Programme
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Final Exam
April 25, 2012, 17PM
closed-book
a combination of short answer (definitional)
and essay questions.
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Why study PA?
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1. To graduate from NUS.
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2. To be an informed citizen.
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3. To be a public administrator.
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4. To be a public administration /
governance specialist.organizational doctors
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Example 1
The Africa Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management Group is looking to recruit a
dynamic and problem-solving Lead Public
Sector/Governance Specialist and Cluster Leaderto be based in Abuja, Nigeria to lead the World
Banks governance and public sector
management program in the followingcountries: Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra
Leone. (Posted, 20-Jun-2011, World Bank)
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Example 2
The Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) of the IMF isseeking highly-qualified experts to fill a RegionalPublic Financial Management (PFM) Advisorposition at the Center of Excellence in Finance (CEF)based in Ljubljana, Slovenia as part of a regionalprogram of technical assistance (TA) funded by theJapanese government. The Advisor's appointmentterm would be for an initial period of one yearstarting from May 2012, on a renewable basis,subject to satisfactory performance. (posted, 06-Jan-2012, IMF PFM Blog)