Download - P14421: Smart PV Panel
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P14421: Smart PV PanelBobby Jones: Team LeaderSean KitkoAlicia OswaldDanielle HoweChris Torbitt
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AGENDA
•Project Overview•Heat Analysis•Electrical Design•System Layout•Test Plans•BOM•MSD II Schedule
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Project Overview
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•Advance Power Systems▫Jasper Ball▫Atlanta, GA
•Snow reduces power output of PV panels•Develop method to prevent snow from
accumulating in the first place▫Apply current to conductive, heating ink▫Keep temperature of panel surface above
freezing▫Sense presence of snow
Project Overview
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Heat Analysis
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Heat Analysis Process
•1 How much power is produced by the panel if there was no snow▫Uses TMY3 data which is the most average
months weather in Rochester▫Calculates solar beam angles on panel
based on time of day and day of year and angle of panel tilt
▫Calculate how much energy panel produces from TMY3 data, solar beam angle, efficiency of panel (19%) and area of panel (0.024m)
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•2 Find energy required to heat the panel in between ink traces to 5°C▫Length and spacing determined by cell
size. Limited to where bus bars on cells were
▫Coefficient of convection (h) ranges from 5 to 28
▫Modeled sections of cell using fin analysis▫Was able to calculate m, to get temperature
at ink and qfin
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Cell
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•3 Calculate total energy ▫qfin values already calculated
▫Calculate qmelt based on an average snowfalls rate over 4 hours Uses ice properties (h=33400J/kg) Assumes density of snow=60 kg/m2
▫Calculated qrad
Uses glass properties and surrounding temperature
▫Total qgen is the sum of these in each section
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•4 Compare different ink configurations based on qgen calculation▫qgen was calculated based on sections of a
cell▫Calculations for configs based on an entire
panel, not just one cell▫Conclusion: Configuration 2 is the more
efficient in all cases
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Configuration 116 Sections8-0.013 Sections8-0.052 sections
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Configuration 28 Sections8-0.039 Sections
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Configuration 34 Sections4 0.078 Sections
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Configuration 410 Sections4-0.031 Sections4-0.052 Sections2-0.029 Sections
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•5 calculated specific convection coefficient for each hour of the day it snows▫Uses TMY3 data▫Does not take into account the direction of
wind or the angle of panel▫Temperatures all rounded to nearest
degree ▫Conclusions: All Reynolds's numbers were
<5*105 therefore all used laminar model
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•6 calculated energy required for snow prevention on panel▫Uses h that was calculated▫Uses same process as qgen calculation but
uses data for that specific day▫Snow data could not be found on hour
basis, so assumed snows for four hours when most energy could be generated
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Heat Analysis Process con’t•7 find how much light gets to the panel
when snow is left to accumulate▫Uses equation found on next slide▫Equation used when there is snow
accumulation.▫As time moves forward, the snow accumulates▫Snow is assumed to be left on panel for the
rest of the day▫Each day it is assumed there is not snow
starting on the panel
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.50
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100f(x) = − 10.5295788625791 ln(x) + 27.2693484173735
Series1Logarithmic (Series1)
Snow Depth (cm)
Perc
enta
ge
Percentage of Light vs. Snow Depth
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Heat Analysis Process con’t
•8 Graphically compare results▫Took the amount of energy required to melt
snow over four hours (when there was snow) and subtracted that from how much energy the panel would produce with no snow
▫Took the calculated amount of light that would get through the snow and graphed that
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January 2
0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 19:12 0:00 4:48
-140000
-120000
-100000
-80000
-60000
-40000
-20000
0
20000
Energy Total Prevention (J)Energy Total Accumulation (J)
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February 10
0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 19:12 0:00 4:48
-200000
-150000
-100000
-50000
0
50000
Energy Total Prevention (J)Energy Total Accumulation (J)
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March 5
0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 19:12 0:00 4:48
-100000
-80000
-60000
-40000
-20000
0
20000
40000
Energy Total Prevention (J)Energy Total Accumulation (J)
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Energy Total Prevention (J)Energy Total Accumulation (J)
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Energy Conclusion:•Total energy for one year if snow is
prevented: -7.5*107J (-20,823Wh)•Total energy for one year if panel was left
alone: about 3,300,000J (916.5Wh)•Snow prevention is not the best way to
get rid of snow from an energy standpoint•Suggest seeing energy consumption if
snow is allowed to accumulate then heated up to slide off. Only found through testing.
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ANSYS – Heat Transfer
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Electrical Design
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Sensors
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Sensors
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Sensors
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Sensors
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Sensors
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Simulations
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Simulations
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Simulations
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Power Electronics
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Power Usage
Don’t want the battery to go below 40% Capacity
Takes into account Efficiency in Cold Temperatures
Power Management
Item Current (A) Voltage (V) Time (Hrs) Power (W) Amp Hrs
Ink 10 8 4 82 40
MicroController 0.0002 3.3 24 0.00066 0.0048
Charge Controller 0.01 12 24 0.12 0.24
OPIC Light Sensor 0.0005 3.3 24 0.00165 0.012
LM35 Temp sensor 0.00005 5 24 0.00025 0.0012
Thermocoupler amplifier 0.0002 5 24 0.001 0.0048
Totals 82.12356 40.2628
Needed Battery Capacity Efficiency in Cold Choose battery
64.42048 60% 103.072768
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Power Electronics Schem
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Solid State Relay
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Regulators•BP5275 Series
• MAX1681
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Battery and Controller• Trojan 31-AGM Battery• Getting a free AGM battery from a
contact at Renewable Rochester
• Morningstar SS-20L 20 Amp PWM Solar Charge Controllers w/LVD ($78)
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POC CONTROL SYSTEM
• Atmel's ATMega328P 8-Bit Processor in 28 pin DIP package with in system programmable flash
Features:•32K of program space•23 programmable I/O lines 6 of which are channels for the 10-bit ADC. •Runs up to 20MHz with external crystal. •Package can be programmed in circuit. •1.8V to 5V operating voltage•External and Internal Interrupt Sources•Temperature Range: -40C to 85C•Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25C
–Active Mode: 0.2mA–Power-down Mode: 0.1μA–Power-save Mode: 0.75μA (Including 32kHz RTC)
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POC CONTROL SYSTEM Con’t
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POC CONTROL SYSTEM Con’t
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POC CONTROL SYSTEM Con’t
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POC SENSOR RESEARCH
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Enclosure
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Enclosure and Layout
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BILL OF MATERIALS
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Risk Assessment and Mitigations
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TEST PLAN OUTLINE▫Heat Transfer Test
Explores how heat propagates through glass from electrified trace
Apply a DC voltage to ink trace Use thermocouples to measure temperature
of glass at various locations Multiple applied voltages, multiple ink trace
resistances Steady state and transient
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TEST PLAN OUTLINE▫Heat Transfer Test Diagram
5cm7cm
9cm
3cm
7cm
1
2
3
1
2
3
10cmx10cm glass
Ink trace
Thermocouple probepoints
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TEST PLAN OUTLINE▫Switch Simulation Test
Explores functionality of heater system with simulated sensor inputs
Using switches, apply various combinations of sensor inputs Verify that microcontroller wakes up when
appropriate (interrupt test) With simulated inputs, verify that
microcontroller can make decisions to melt.
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TEST PLAN OUTLINE▫Integrated System Test
Explores full functionality of system in expected environment
Install system in a realistic environment Verify sensor functionality
▫Verify microcontroller interrupts when appropriate
▫Verify microcontroller accurately reads values Verify heater functionality
▫Either with simulated or actual sensor inputs, verify that the system can melt snow efficiently.
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MSD II SCHEDULEP14421 MSD II – Tentative Schedule Weeks 1-3: • MSD I issues summarized. Mitigation strategies implemented (Jan
28th)• Comprehensive and detailed Test Plan completed (Jan 28th)
• Test and Prototype components and systems• Create preliminary C-Code for systems controller• Begin construction and customization of enclosure Weeks 4 and on: • Detailed/Finalized Testing• Iterative testing and refinement of system and subsystems• Technical paper and poster• Confirm deliverables have been met