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Overview of the KOPIO Detector
2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ MeetingBrookhaven National Laboratory
June 20, 2005David E. Jaffe
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 2
• Poor kinematic signature: 3-body decay
• Neutral initial and final states
• Only outgoing 0 is observable
• SM prediction Br(KL0) = 3x10-11
• Main background is KL0 0 with
Br=9.3x10-4 which implies a need for suppression of >7x107
Observing KL0
“Experimentally, the problems are perhaps best represented by the statement that nobody has shown that a measurement of this decay is absolutely impossible” F.J.Gilman, “CP violation in Rare K Decays”, Blois CP Violations 1989:481-496
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 3
Experimental Search for KL0
E391a using same technique and
is the first dedicated experiment
to search for KL0
KTeV Results using ‘pencil’ beam
PL B447(1999)240.
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 4
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 5
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 6
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 7
Microbunch Width
93 MHz cavity at 22 kV gave= 240 ps
Microbunch time, in ns
93 MHz cavity at 22 kV gave217 ps
Microbunch time, in ns
Data Simulation
SimulationData
Simulations predict = 180ps utilizing
new 25 and 100MHz cavities
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 8
Interbunch ExtinctionInterbunch Extinction
4.5 MHz cavity at 130 kV gave= 8 (+/- 6) x 10-6
Microbunch time, in ns Microbunch time, in ns
Data Simulation
4.5 MHz cavity at 130 kV gave= 1.7 (+/- 0.9) x 10-3.
Data Simulation
Interbunch events
Interbunch events
Extinction performance at high AGS intensities last
remaining issue to be verified
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 9
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
![Page 10: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 10
ExtrudedScintillator &WLS fibers
Cathode strip drift chambers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e+
e-
Preradiator – convert & measure properties
64 Layers (4% X0/layer, 2.7 X0) 256 Chambers 288 Scintillator Plates (1200 m2) 150,000 Channels Readout
4m
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 11
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
![Page 12: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 12
Shashlyk Photon Calorimeter
APD
Shashlyk modules prototyped and tested in beams. Requiredspecs have all been met
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 13
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
![Page 14: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 14
Every detector is a photon veto!
Fine-sampling lead/scintillator-basedshower counters of shashlyk & bar geometry. All thick enough so punch-through not an issue.
KOPIO PV estimates and simulations based on
BNL E949 measurements supplemented by FLUKA
calculations
1 MeV Visible Energy Threshold
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 15
Catcher: Hadron Blind Beam Veto
beam
420 modules ofPb-Aerogel counter
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 16
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
![Page 17: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 17
Plastic Scintillator – backed up by vetoes!
185 290
10-5
10-4
10-3
Data
MC
Charged Particle Veto Performance
10-6
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 18
KOPIO technique: work in KL CMS
Measure everything possible
Microbunched KL beam
Measure directions in PR
Measure energy in CAL
Reconstruct 0 from Measure KL velocity from TOF
Photon Veto (PV)
Charged Particle Veto (CPV)
Kinematic veto
![Page 19: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 19
Kinematic Separation of Signal &Backgrounds
Signal BackgroundsPion kinetic energy squared (T*2) vs Ln(Missing Energy)
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 20
Discovering/Constraining New Physics
1st yr2nd yr
3rd yr
KOPIO Proposal
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 21
• Only approved experiment sensitive enough reach the SM level
• Uses a robust innovative technique to suppress background
• Only experiment that measures the area of the unitarity triangle
• Excellent discovery potential for non-SM physics
KOPIO is Unique
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 22
Extras
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 23
BNL scientists and KOPIO
BNL physics dept scientists currently participating on KOPIOD.Beavis: Integration SSM,Vacuum,CDRJ.Frank : CPV STL, CPV constructionD.Jaffe : Sim. SSM, Parameters STL, CDR, 2 students/2004,1
student/2005S.Kettell: Trig/DAQ/Offline/FEE STL, TriggerL.Littenberg: Spokesman,CDR,1student/2004,1student/2005G.Redlinger: DAQ SSM,CDR,PV ineff’y,1student/2004C.Scarlett:CDR,1student/2004,2students/2005M.Sivertz:AGS SSM,CAL/PV STL, CDR, CPVconstruction,
microbunch testbeam,2students/2004,1student/2005STL=Scrub Team Leader for Apr05 NSF reviewCDR=author of chapter(s) in KOPIO Conceptual Design Report for
Apr05 NSF review
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 24
The Challenge of KOPIO
• B(KL0) ~ 310-11, need huge flux of K’s– rates inevitably rather high
• Kinematic signature weak (2 particles undetectable)• Backgrounds with 0 up to 1010 times larger• Veto inefficiency on extra particles must be 10-4
• Huge flux of neutrons in beam– can make 0 off residual gas – require high vacuum
– halo must be very small
– hermeticity requires photon veto in this beam
• Need convincing measurement of background
_
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 25
KOPIO Technique
• High intensity micro-bunched beam from the AGS• Measure everything! (energy, position, angle, time)• Eliminate extra charged particles or photons
– KOPIO: 0 inefficiency < 10-8
• Suppress backgrounds– Predict backgrounds from data:dual cuts– Use “blind” analysis techniques– Test predictions “outside the box”
• Weight candidate events with S/N likelihood function
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 26
• Proton Beam
• 100TP/spill (upgraded from present 70TP)• ~5s spill, 2.3s interspill• Microbunching
• Extract debunched beam resonantly between empty buckets• 25MHz frequency• 200ps bunch width• 10-3 interbunch extinction
• Kaon Beam• 42.5o take-off angle• Soft momentum spectrum
• 0.5-1.5 GeV/c
• 3108 KL/spill• 8% decay
• 10 GHz neutrons
Need AGS to provide
40 ns between microbunches=200 ps
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 27
ExtrudedScintillator &WLS fibers
Cathode strip drift chambers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e+
e-
Preradiator – convert & measure properties
64 Layers (4% X0/layer, 2.7 X0) 256 Chambers 288 Scintillator Plates (1200 m2) 150,000 Channels Readout
4m
![Page 28: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 28
Preradiator Angular resolution: 25 mr at 250 MeV/c
Simulations agree with measurements.
KOPIO Prototype Measurements – BNL LEGS Tagged Photon Beams
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 29
Shashlyk Photon Calorimeter
APD
Shashlyk modules prototyped and tested in beams. Requiredspecs have all been met
![Page 30: Overview of the KOPIO Detector 2005 RHIC & AGS Users ’ Meeting Brookhaven National Laboratory June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062520/5697bfca1a28abf838ca96be/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 30
Beam test of Calorimeter modulesBeam test of Calorimeter modules
Simulation: Combined PR +CAL Energy Resolution
2.7%
( )E GeV
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 31
Charged Particle Veto in vacuum
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 32
Plastic Scintillator – backed up by vetoes!
185 290
10-5
10-4
10-3
Data
MC
Charged Particle Veto Performance
10-6
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 33
Every detector is a photon veto!
US Wall
Barrel veto
Preradiator
Prerad outer veto
Calorimeter
vetoes in D4 sweeping magnet
vetoes in DS vacuum pipe
Fine-sampling lead/scintillator-based shower counters of shashlyk & bar geometry. All thick enough so punch-through not an issue. All with sufficient efficiency
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 34
E949 Single Ineff’y Measurement
+
2
1
K2 Decay
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 35
KOPIO PV Estimates and Simulations based on improved BNL E949 Measurements supplemented by FLUKA calculations
1 MeV Visible Energy Threshold
Photon Veto Inefficiency
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 36
Catcher: Hadron Blind Beam Veto
Aerogel Counterbeam
420 modules ofPb-Aerogel counter
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 37
Catcher R&D results
Modules prototyped and tested in beams.
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 38
KL modes simulated for bkgnd studies
Largest back-grounds
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 39
Other Backgrounds
• K+ contamination of beam: <0.001 of signal rate
• KLK+e-, K-e+: ~ 0.001 of signal rate
• nN N: negligible production from residual gas in decay volume if pressure<10-6 Torr. Requirements on reconstructed ZV(KL) suppress rate from US wall to <0.01 of signal rate
• n: far smaller than neutron background
• Hyperons: <10-5 of signal rate
• Fake photons < 0.05 of signal rate assuming ~10-3 10-3 suppression from (vetoing) (/n discrimination)
• Two KL giving single candidate: negligible due to vetoes
• (KL X) (e ): ~0.01 of signal rate
• KS 10-4 of KL background rate
_
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 40
Kinematic Separation of Signal &Backgrounds
Signal Backgrounds
Pion kinetic energy squared (T*2) vs Ln(Missing Energy)
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 41
*
ew physics could be revealed K .
:
*
New flavor physics in the sector may be very different from that in the secto b r:
s-d
If B - physics is consistent with the SM
I
N
K would add crucial additional information;
the complexity of the flavor sector beyond the SM
:
is
f deviations from the SM are indicated
foreseen in many models.
Roles of K Measurements in Flavor Physics
Results from will be needed to interpret
non-SM physics discoveries at BABAR, BELLE,
CDF/D0, and the
K
LHC.
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 42
• KTeV (FNAL): B(KL0) < 5.910-7 (90% CL)• KEK E391a >10-9 ?? J-PARC LOI • KOPIO (BNL): single event sensitivity <10-12
– Discovery (5) for B(KL0)>510-11 or <1.8 10-11
– If nothing new, ~300 SM events• Rule out BRs outside of (10.17)BRSM @ 95%CL• Bound operators, B-system can’t access
[ , ] 9Limit based on via iso 1.4 10spin : Grossman NirK x
0 0Experiments Seeking LK 0 0 11LSM: B(K ) (3.0 0.6) 10x
_
_
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 43
KOPIO Parameters
bunch width (extinction) 200ps (10-3)• Beam halo 10-4
• Vacuum 10-7 Torr resolution @ 250MeV 25 mr
• E resolution 2.7%/ E(GeV)
• t resolution 90ps/ E(GeV)
veto inefficiency(outside beam) E949 or better veto efficiency(inside beam) >99% at 300 MeV• n efficiency (inside beam) <0.3% at 800 MeV• Charged particle inefficiency 210-5(+), 1.210-4(-)
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 44
Preradiator
64 Layers (4% X0/layer, 2.7 X0)256 Chambers288 Scintillator Plates (1200 m2)
150,000 Channels Readout
4m
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 45
Primary detection mode: Secondary mode:2 photons covert in preradiator 1 photon in preradiator, 1 in BV
Reconstruct 1st e+e- in “Preradiator”,
Point to K decay vertex in vacuum
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 46
Simulation: Combined PR+ CAL Energy Resolution
2.7%
( )E GeV
Shashlyk Beam Measurements
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 47
Barrel Veto/Calorimeter
• Cylindrical array of 840 modules with 2.5m ID
• Both signal detection and vetoing functions– 1 in prerad + 1 in BV/C
• Modified version of calorimeter shashlyk technology, pmt readout– Energy resolution calculated
to be almost as good as calorimeter
– Time resolution should be comparable
• B V/C lined with thin, high-efficiency, charged particle veto scintillators
US end of barrel sealed by wall of plate shower-counter vetoes
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 48
D4 & downstream vetoes
• Charged & vetoes in D4 sweeping magnet– Field sweeps vertically
• DS vetoes detect ’s emerging from the beam
• Lead/scintillator plate sandwich counters
• Hermeticity completed by catcher veto at the back
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 49
Primary Backgrounds
K * PV2
K * C2 * PV
K * C2
K * PV4
Rejections0 0 0 3L
0 2L
0 0L
0 0 0 0L
10
10
0.93
0.36
0.1255
10Background suppression factor needed: 10
Mode Branching Ratio
K
K
K
K
0 0
Primary Backgrounds
Measurement
x
xe
LK
0.2105
Others
Worst backgrounds are from KL decay
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 50
Simulation Tools
• GEANT3– FLUKA, GCALOR, GHEISHA hadronic packages
• GEANT4
• FLUKA
• MCNPX
• MARS
• KOPTICs – custom optics simulator
• FastMC– uses input from detailed simulators + input from experiments
• Critical parameters directly measured – Either in prototype tests or experiments
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Alternative Display of Results
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 52
KOPIO Operations Plan
• 2010 Test Run – partial detector
• 2011 Engineering Run
“Discovery phase”: Sensitivity goal:~10-10
• 2012-16 Data Acquisition
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June 20, 2005 David E. Jaffe 2005 RHIC & AGS Users’ meeting 53
Branching Ratio Measurement Precision
• Precision at B(KL0) = 310-11 Using probability likelihood method employing all observed events (approximately 300) 10%
• (Statistical) Precision on Im t: 5%