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Overview of Mycotoxins in India with special reference
to Aflatoxins
F Waliyar
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Important Mycotoxins
• Aflatoxins• Ochratoxins• Fusarial toxins
–Fumonisins–Zearalenone–T2-toxin–Deoxynivalenol–Nivalenol
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Mycotoxin Affects
• Crops• Food and feed chain• Animal production• Marketability of food• Exports
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Effects of Mycotoxins
• Adverse effects on human health and livestock
• Blood tests have shown very high percentage of population of several countries in Asia and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins
• Affect quality• Siginificant economic losses
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Losses due to Mycotoxins
• 25% of world food crops are affected annually
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Economic Loss in Crops
• Germination rate• Seedling vigour• Grain quality
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Mycotoxins in Cereals
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Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Sorghum
Fungus MycotoxinAspergillus flavus Aflatoxins B1
Penicillium spp. Ochratoxin AFusarium moniliformeFusarium proliferatum
Fumonisin B1
Fusarium sps T2-Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol
Fusarium equisetiF. Moniliforme, F. OxysporumF. Semitectum, F. Solani, F. Sporotrichiodes
Zearalenone
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Fungi that produce Mycotoxins in Pearl Millet
Fungus MycotoxinAspergillus flavusA. Parasiticus
Aflatoxins
Aspergillus ochraceus Ochratoxin AFusarium semitectumF. Chlamydosporum
DeoxynivalenolNivalenolZearalenone
F. ChlamydosporumF. Moniliforme
Moniformin
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• Aflatoxin contamination in India.–Groundnut and groundnut by-
products
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Introduction
• Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus /A. parasiticus
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Effect of Aflatoxin on Health
• Human beings and livestock– Cattle– Poultry
• Deleterious effects– Teratogenic– Immunosuppressive – Many times enhanced in the presence
of hepatitis B and C viruses – Carcinogenic
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Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops
• Many crops are affected:–Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton,
Chili, and many spices etc..• Aflatoxin can occur at all stages of
crop production:–Pre-harvest, harvest, and during
storage–Milk quality
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Aflatoxin Contamination in Crops (contd)
Contamination in haulms
• Small pods not removed
• Fed to cattle– Affect
animal health
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Marketability
• Limiting factor for exports to developed countries
• Regulations are stringent–4 µ g/kg <: EU
–None: Japan
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Survey of Aflatoxin in Ananthapur and Chittor
• Groundnut pods - Farmer’s fields • Groundnut kernel and cake samples
collected from– Farmers– Oil miller storage– Trader’s storage– Supermarkets– Retail shops
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Distribution of Aflatoxin Levels in Ananthapur and Pileru (Chittoor)
01020304050607080
<10 10-30 30-100 100-500 >500
Aflatoxin (ug/kg)
Perc
ent o
f sam
ples ATP
PLR
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Aflatoxin Contamination in Different Mandals of Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh
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Market Samples
Crop% Samples
>permissible limit (10 µg/kg)
% Samples >100 µg/ kg
Maize 43 9
Sorghum seed 0 0
Soybean cake 89 0
Groundnut cake 100 76
Groundnut seed 31 15
Cotton cake 100 0
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Aflatoxin Levels in Storage Samples - Ananthapur
No. of samples with aflatoxin (µg/kg) Source
10-30 31-100 101-500 >500
Farmer storage 1 4 2 1
Traders storage 23 13 27 6
Oil millers storage
32 15 8 9
Insect damaged 9 2 1 8
Groundnut cake 10 0 43 2
Pod with haulms 15 7 0 2
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Milk Samples
• 466 milk samples collected from urban, peri-urban and rural areas of Andhra Pradesh
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Incidence and Range of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples
No. of samples with AFM1content (µg/L) (range)
Sample typeNo. of samples 0-0.5 0.6-
1516-30 31-
50
Raw milk (peri-urban)
116 8 59 37 12
Raw milk (rural) 236 155 74 3 4
Milk packets 44 28 11 5 0
Powdered milk (g of dry milk/ml of solution)
10 5 5 0 0
Milk products (g of dry milk/ml of solution)
10 7 3 0 0
Cow milk 50 33 17 0 0
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Buffaloes Milk
• Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with haulms/small pods. 22.5% of samples showed >0.5 ng/L of AFM1
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ICRISAT’s approach to manage Aflatoxin contamination
• Genetic resistance• Cultural practices• Biological control• Post harvest technologies• Biotechnology
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Conclusions
• Some post-harvest cultural practices, which can lead to minimization of mycotoxin contamination are being tested
• Focus in some villages of Ananthapur where there is high levels of aflatoxin
• Most of the farmers and producers were not aware of aflatoxin. A major awareness campaign is going on
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Conclusions (contd.)
• Varieties with lower levels of infection and contamination are being tested in farmers’ participatory varietal selection
• There is a need to develop strategies to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnut-based animal and poultry feeds.
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Conclusions (contd.)
• Human health issues need to be undertaken• A. flavus cause human disease
– Fungal infections of central nervous system (CNS)
– Aspergillosis of the CNS is the most common fungal infection in the histologically verified series from India (NIMS report)
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THANK YOU
www.aflatoxin.info