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Overview of MAP sector in SEE:
problems, threats, challenges.
How to proceed?
Prof. dr Zora Dajić Stevanović
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture
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Problems in MAP sectors in SEE
1. Political and economical constrains
2. Impact of depopulation of rural areas
Impact on collectors
Impact on biodiversity
3. Improper management of MAP
4. Low value adding
5. Underutilized opportunities
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1. Political and economic
constrains
• War, transition and isolation
• Economy and agriculture collapse
• Bankrupt of former state MAP
processing companies and industry
• Loss of former markets
• Corruption and grey economy
• Week legislation framework
• Devitalized MAP sector
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2. Impact of depopulation of rural areas
A. Collector loss
Country Current No of
collectors
No of collectors in
1999s
Albania 75.000 150.000
BiH 50.000-100.000 150.000
Croatia ? 50.000-100.000
Serbia 50.000
5000-10.000 MAP
150.000
Montenegro 10.000-20.000
? (50.000)
Kosovo 9000 ? (50.000)
Macedonia 60.000 ? (150.000 – 200.000)
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• Migration towards cities
• Lack of investments in rural
areas
• No subsidiaries and credit access
• Collapse of cooperatives
• Devastation of rural mountain
regions
• Infrastructure
• Minor perspective
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Traditional knowledge
• Long tradition of use
• Collector’s plant recognition
• Traditional production practices
• Loss of collectors:
• Jeopardizing the sector
• Loss of Ethnobotanical and
Ethnopharmacological knowledge
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Profile of MAP collector in SEE
• Old people in rural
areas
• Woman and man
• Unemployed
• Undereducated
• Other marginal groups
• (Roma, refugees)
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Social position
and collector problems
• (mainly) Part time and unvalued activity
• Unfair payments
• Insecure sale
• Insufficient market access
• No functional collector’s associations and
registration
• Lack in facilities for primary processing
• Lack in training and education
• Gender issues
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2. Impact of depopulation of rural areas
B. Impact on biodiversity
• Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation
• Improper management of natural resources →
vegetation succession
• Overgrazing and excessive fertilization
• Under-grazing
• Abandonment of grasslands and farming areas
• Coastal tourism
• Swamp drying and wet habitats melioration
↓
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY OF MAP SPECIES
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Overharvesting
• Excessive exploitation in
areas of limited size
• Rare species
• Drugs: roots,
rhizomes, bark, juice,
three flowers and
leaves (cutting
branches)
• Salep case
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Key Endangered MAP species in SEE
Species Country Cause
Gentiana lutea All SEE Overharvesting
Arctostaphyllos uva ursi BiH, SRB,
MAC, KOS
Overharvesting
Sideritis raeseri MAC, KOS,
ALB
Overharvesting
Salvia officinalis ALB, MAC,
BiH
Overharvesting
Helichrysum spp. CRO, MAC,
SRB, KOS, BiH
Overharvesting
Orchidaceae BiH, MAC,
KOS
Overharvesting
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Main threats to biodiversity
• Habitat loss and
degradation
• Habitat fragmentation
• Over-collecting
• Improper harvest practices
• Pollution and climate
change
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Summary: Socio-economic aspects of
MAP resources conservation
Transition period
Economy and agriculture
collapse
Depopulation of rural areas
Under-grazing and land
abandonment
Decline of collectors
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3. Improper management of plant
resources
• Underdeveloped legislation/Enforcement
• No quota system/not developed
• Lack of monitoring and resources assessment
• Slow issuing of relevant literature
• Red books and Red lists (lacking for MNE, KOS, MAC, BiH)
• Weak management in PA
• Low state funding
• No coordinated NWFP and MAP wild collecting
• No taxes and incomes coming to PA
• Weak promotion of bio-resources and relations with
eco/ethnotourism
• Weak public awareness
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National Legislation
Albania Law on protected areas, 2002, Law on biodiversity protection, 2006
Law on forests, 1992, Law on pastures and meadows, 1995
Law on the protection of medicinal, tannic acid and oil bearing plants,
1992
BiH Law on forests, 2002, Law on protection of nature, 2000,2008
Law on medicinal products, 2001, Law on national parks, 1996
Serbia Law on nature protection, 2009, Law on environment protection, 2004,
Directive on control of use and trade of wild plant and animal species,
1996, 1999, 2005, 2011, Law on national parks, 2005, 2009, 2012, Law on
forests, 2010
Croatia Law on environmental protection, 1994, 1999, Law on nature protection,
2005, The ordinance of proclamation of wild taxa as protected and
strictly protected, 2009
Montenegro Law on nature protection, 2008, Law on environment, 2008,
Law on national parks, 2009, Law on protection of rare, endangered,
threatened and endemic species, 2006
Kosovo Law on Kosovo forests, 2004, law on plant protection, 2007
Macedonia Law on nature protection, 2004, Law on environment, 2005
Regulation of permitting the collection of endangered species, 2009
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4. Value adding
Raw material traded
Only 10-30% of the total collected quantity processed
Low quality primary processing facilities/primitive
Lack in technology and equipment for higher
processing phases and value adding
Lack of facilities for diversification of products
Packaging, storage
Marketing and promotion
Product quality/quality control
Branding, standardization and certification
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5. Underutilized opportunities
- slow sector development
• Insufficiently used resources
• Number of species/populations/areas
• Insufficient product quality/control
• Low implementation of standards and certification
• Access to foreign markets
• Small areas under cultivated MAP
• Total: less than 10.000 ha
• Weak professional associations
• Weak relations with research
• Poor regional collaboration
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Challenges and needs
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Needs for MAP conservation in SEE region
• Identification of target and priority species
• Identification of priority habitats
• Permanent resources monitoring (quantity, quality and state of populations)
• Identification of threats
• Vulnerability to climate change
• Indicators for assessments of risks
• Conservation action and management plans
• Sustainable use strategies
• Public awareness and local community involvement
• Estimation and valorization of the real MAP resource value
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Challenges for increasing
export and trade of MAP in SEE
• High potential, but slow increasing
• Under-utilized resources and possibilities
• Different starting points of individual
countries
• Different export values: from max 1 mill US $
(MNE, KOS) to about 20 mill US $ (ALB)
• In total (with wild fruits and mushrooms)
app. 100 mill US $
• Closed and static regional market
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• On average: 1500-2000 t of MAP exported
• Serbia: 5000 t out of MAP 2000 t
• Albania: over 7000 t
STRUCTURE
• Raw material (All SEE countries)
• Essential oils (Albania, about 40 t)
• Teas (Serbia, Croatia) – regional markets
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How to proceed? Opportunities:
• Increase of export
• Increasing demand for MAP
• Biodiversity conservation in relation to sustainable
use of MAP
• Cultivation
• Value-adding
• Education, training, research
• Collaboration
• Branding, marketing, promotion
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Implementation of standards in wild
collection of MAP
• Guidelines on good agricultural and collection
practices (GACP) for medicinal plants (WHO, 2003)
• Improvement of distribution, abundance, sustainable
management and use of MAP
• International Standard for Sustainable Wild Collection
of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC-MAP, 2007 by
BfN, WWF, TRAFFIC, IUCN)
• Fair Wild Standards (FairWild Foundation of WWF and
Traffic, 2011)
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MAP CULTIVATION
• Land use and rural development
• Acquiring of cultivation technologies
• Endangered /economically important species
• Use of marginal soils
• Standards implementation • Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, 2003)
• Good Agriculture Practices (GAP, 2003)
• Good Agriculture and Collection Practices for MAP (GACP, 2003)
• Organic production standards
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Good news: the strengths
• Favorable conditions for cultivation
• Soil, climate, available land,
mechanization and other facilities
• High biodiversity and high stocks
• Tradition and knowledge
• Good product quality
• Settled legislation framework
• Research potential
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Recommendations
NATIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVEL
Legal framework
improvement, enforcement
Regional business
association
Sustainable management
and use of MAP
Regional certification
Capacity building (PA
management, processing)
Regional branding
Standardization and
certification
Trade missions, fairs,
exhibitions
Promotion of sector,
increase of export
Research Programs
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Project ideas for MAP in SEE
• Preservation of ethnobotany and traditional
knowledge related to MAP
• MAP resources assessment in target
areas/methodology development
• Conservation of endangered/economically
important MAP
• Research on MAP endemics
• Development of cultivation technologies
• New products/processing technologies creation
and promotion
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General goal: promotion of
sustainable MAP utilization