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Outlook on Biomass Pellet
Market & Biomass Processing Technologies
G. Rietveld
May 2013
ECN-L--13-027
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www.ecn.nl
Outlook on Biomass Pellet Market & Biomass Processing Technologies
Biomass Asia Conference 2013 20-22 May, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Your energy. Our passion.
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Content
• Introduction ECN • Biomass Demand of Northwest Europe • ECN’s Biomass Technologies
– Biomass Upgrading – Biomass Gasification (Combustion) – Biomass Refinery
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Locations
Petten (head office)
Amsterdam
Beijing
Wieringerwerf
Brussels
Eindhoven
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Mission With and for the market, we develop Knowledge and Technology that enable a transition to a sustainable energy system
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Our Position
fundamental research
industrial development
independent connecting partners
Industrial partners Universities
applied research
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R&D fields
Policy Studies
Energy Engineering
Environment Energy Efficiency
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Biomass
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Demand for Lignocellulosic Biomass of Northwest Europe
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Biomass demand & supply in The Netherlands
• Renewable energy target 2020 is 16% – Currently 4%
• Co-firing obligation expected
2010 2020 2030
BaU BaU-BM SNP BaU BaU-BM SNP
Demand 3.1 3.0 4.2 7.2 3.5 4.4 6.5
Domestic 1.7 2.5 1.5 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.7
Import EU 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0
Import non-EU 1.2 0.0 2.5 4.5 0.9 2.4 3.8
Demand and supply of lignocellulosic biomass [Mt wood pellets eq / year]
Biogas Heat Power Co-firing
Biofuel lq
Port of Rotterdam, Ric Hoefnagels et al
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Biomass demand & supply in Northwest EU
2010 2020 2030
BaU BaU-BM SNP BaU BaU-BM SNP
Demand 45 67 78 93 78 85 109
Domestic 40 54 53 58 56 63 75
Import EU 2.2 13 18 16 4.6 2.9 0.3
Import non-EU 1.9 0.0 7.6 20 17 19 34
Demand and supply lignocellulosic biomass [Mt wood pellets eq / year] - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom
Port of Rotterdam, Ric Hoefnagels et al
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Wood pellet consumption per sector in 2010
Based on Chocchi et al
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Biomass pellets import / export
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Search for cheaper biomass - High quality - Fulfilling sustainability criteria
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Biomass Revolutionizing a Global Primary Energy Source 12
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Making bioenergy work
•Characterization •Property databases
•Torrefaction •Torwash •Pyrolysis •Fractionation
•Combustion •Gasification •Biorefinery
•Gas cleaning •Tar removal •Gas conditioning •Separation
•Biofuels (incl. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG)
•Biochemicals & -materials
•Power & Heat
Feedstock Pre-treatment Conversion Separation Product
Synthesis
Higher efficiencies, higher availability, lower environmental impact, higher public acceptance, lower CAPEX/OPEX, new applications
Focus on thermochemical processing
Feasibility studies, techno-economic evaluations, LCA, sustainability assessments 13
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Main biomass R&D areas • Upgrading: Biomass to commodity fuel
– Torrefaction: ECN technology available on full scale – New technology for torrefaction of wet biomass: TORWASH
• Combustion: Biomass boilers and co-firing – Fuel behavior during combustion – Ashes, slags, agglomeration behavior
• Gasification: Production of power or fuels – Development of gasification technology: MILENA – Tar removal and product synthesis – Test equipment and expertise to provide services
• Biorefinery: Technology for a biobased economy – Organosolv fractionation into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – Conversion of fractions into marketable products
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Biomass Upgrading
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Torrefaction
Tough and fibrous LHV = 9 - 12 MJ/kg Hydrophilic Biodegradable Heterogeneous
Torrefaction
Brittle and less fibrous LHV = 18 - 24 MJ/kg Hydrophobic Preserved Homogeneous
Pelletisation
Bulk density 650-800 kg/m3
Bulk energy density = 12 - 19 GJ/m3
• Converting biomass into commodity fuel
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Torrefaction Facilities & Services
• Torrefaction reactors – 5 kg/h screw reactor
– Testing torrefaction for various biomass types – 50 - 100 kg/h pilot unit
– Production of 1 to 10 tonne torrefied biomass pellets
• Knowledge and test-equipment on pelletisation • Test quality of torrefied biomass for combustion
and gasification • Pyrolysis
– Production of biochar
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Torrefaction licensed to Andritz • Industrial demo plant in Sønder Stenderup, Denmark
– Operational since September 2012 – Produces 1 tonne/hour black pellets
• Strong combination of industry and R&D
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Biomass feedstocks for thermal conversion
waste wood (agricultural) residues energy corps aquatic biomass
Directly suitable for feedstock
Requires pre-treatment, e.g. TORWASH
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Sources of biomass fuels for TORWASH
• Difficult materials – too high water content – seasonal harvesting and bio-degradable – too high salt content – bulky material with low energy density – tenacious, springy materials
• Essentially, the growing parts of plants
• Some attractive but difficult feedstocks – grass, reeds, park maintenance – palm fronds, leaves of sugar cane – wet residues from food and agro industry,
e.g. brewer’s grains and digestate
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Combination of Washing and Torrefaction
Torrefaction + Washing = TORWASH • Combines advantages and eliminates disadvantages
– Torrefaction – Salt removal – Dewatering
• Aim: maximum energy recovery in the form of solid residues
• Product: torrefied fuel pellets with high added value or briquettes or powder
• By-product: biogas
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Biomass Upgrading
ECN helps its customers to: • Convert their biomass feedstock into an
energy carrier • Develop technology for torrefaction
and Torwash
Customers
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Biomass Gasification and Tar removal
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MILENA Indirect Gasification
• Temperature level 850°C • Product gas contains methane, ethylene,
benzene, and tars • Complete conversion of the fuel • Carbon free ash • High efficiency • Very little nitrogen in producer gas • Heat transfer through bed material • One single vessel: compact design • Fuel flexible
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Comparison MILENA CFB/BFB Downdraft
Conversion 100% / white ash ~90% / black ash ~90% / black ash
Cold Gas Efficiency ~80% ~70% ~70%
Temperature control
Good control, no char accumulation
Lower control ability due to char hold-up Very heterogeneous
Temperature versus Efficiency
lower temperature =
higher efficiency
lower temperature =
lower conversion
lower temperature =
lower conversion
Fuel flexibility waste, agricultural
residues any size
less freedom any size
woody only large chunks
Gas 12-15 MJ/Nm3 essentially N2-free
5-6 MJ/Nm3 ~50% N2
5-6 MJ/Nm3 ~50% N2
Scale Scalable (>100 MW) Scalable (>100 MW) Max. 1 MW 25
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Tested feedstocks
• Clean Wood • Demolition Wood • Straw • Soya stalk • High-ash coal • Lignite • RDF • Sunflower husks
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Markets for MILENA gasifier
• Co-firing in coal boilers or gas turbines – Clean gas feeding to boiler or turbine – With Milena lower grade biomass or waste can be used, rather
than the clean wood pellets needed for direct co-firing in boilers • Combined heat and power
– On-site conversion of waste to energy – In combination with gas engine or small gas turbine – Milena produces high calorific gas, not diluted with nitrogen
• Substitute Natural Gas production – High methane content of producer gas makes Milena very suitable
for SNG production • Production of fuels or chemicals
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ECN OLGA gas cleaning
• Tar dew point 10oC • Tar cleaning above water dew point
- No mixing of water and oil
Raw product gas
Product gas free of tars and solids
Heavy Tars Light Tars
All tars recycled back to gasifier, i.e. no energy loss, no waste streams 28
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Tondela, Portugal
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Project in Development in Alkmaar, The Netherlands
• 12 MWth MILENA and OLGA producing green power
• Side stream SNG production, i.e. green methane
• Royal Dahlman will build the plant • Currently detailed engineering • FID in mid 2013 • Construction 2013/2014 • Start-up 2015
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Biomass Gasification and Combustion Service and technology offering
• MILENA indirect gasifier: high efficiency, produces gas with high energy content
• OLGA tar removal technology and other solutions for tar removal
• Consultancy on biomass feeding, milling, gas cleaning, synthesis processes
• Any gasification/combustion process with any fuel can be investigated in one of our lab-scale simulators
• Tar, dust, aerosol, slagging and fouling analysis in the lab but also on-site
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Biorefinery
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Organosolv process
• Optimal valorization of lignocellulosic biomass - Lignin - Cellulose -> ethanol - Hemi-cellulose
• High-purity streams for direct use in downstream processes
Straw
Pre-organosolv Post-organosolv 33
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Organosolv process fractionation into cellulose and lignin
Hemicellulose
Organosolv
Lignin separation
Solvent separation
Cellulose Lignin (sulphur and ash free)
Solvent recycling
Water + catalyst Organic solvent
Lignocellulosic biomass
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Lignin valorization
• Potential feedstock for wide range of chemicals (aromatics!) and performance products.
• Valorization lignin improves carbon footprint & economics lignocellulose Biorefinery. bio-plastics
bio-char for soil improvement
specialty chemicals
bio-bitumen for asphalt
bio-resins for wood-adhesives
bio-fuel for CHP
fuel-additives
low volume, high value market 10 000 €/ton
activated carbon, carbon-fibres and carbon-black
high volume, low value market 100 €/ton
• No large-scale commercial market for lignin at the moment
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Biorefinery and Processing
ECN helps its customers to • Develop strategies and business cases to convert
biomass into high-value products • Develop technologies to convert raw biomass into
fractions for further processing • Optimize the value chain for seaweed and especially
the synthesis of products from seaweed
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Thank you for your attention and
looking forward to cooperate with you on profitable biomass projects
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Contact Bert Rietveld +31 653 292 766 [email protected]
Levien de Lege +86 159 104 3425 [email protected]
or
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ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 LG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 4949
F +31 88 515 8338
info@ ecn.nl
www.ecn.nl