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Other hives…
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The ‘lang’
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The ‘Lang’
• Like a filing folder • Wax foundation • Supers
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Horizontal TBH
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hTBH
• PROSLess invasive
Free to wanderNew comb each seasonNo SupersInexpensiveLess hardware to storeExtract smaller batchesKill less beesEasier for bee-ginners
CONS
More frequent inspections
No standardisation
Less honey
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A permaculture beehive design
• Ethics – What is important? • Principles & patterns – What principles &
patterns in nature inform our design? • Strategies &Techniques – What are
appropriate responses to the above?
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Permaculture Pyramid
c ETHICS
PRINCIPLES & PATTERNS
TECHNIQUES
REGENERATION
NATURAL SELECTION
MINIMAL INTERFERENCE
Minimising treatment
Ecological interconnectedness/ co-evolution
FAIR SHARE
OBSERVATION: bees in nature
& TRUST
‘GREAT MYSTERY’
Mesh bottom-boards
Trapezoid cavity
Natural comb building
Small apiaries, but enough for genetic diversity
Diversity is health (genetic, environmental)
Let bees requeen themselves
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HONEYBEE HEALTH
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What are the health problems bees face today?
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Parasitic Varroa destructor• Co-evolution w apis
cerana• Jumped ship in 1963• Sucks bee-blood AND
introduces viruses• First detected in NZ in
2000• Beekeeping in NZ will
never bee the same
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Principles…
• Mites need brood to reproduce, and they mostly live in brood.
• Show 8x preference toward drone brood than worker brood (capped longer + more space?)
• Mite pop. growth is exponential
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Short-term ‘solutions’• Apistan, Bayvarol, Apivar• ‘These pesticides should be
considered hazardous.’ Disposed of as ‘toxic waste.’
• Often left in the hive too long• Users are encouraged to
‘alternate control methods to avoid immunity-building in the parasite’
• Users advised to not use fluvalinates before harvesting honey lest it contaminate product.
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Organic chemicalsEssential oils and organic acids
• Essential oils – plants’ natural protection
• Kills less varroa, can also be toxic to bees
• Taste residues• THYMOL (66-98% mite kill).
Vaporizer – air temp must be 12C+. Does not penetrate capped brood. (Apiguard or Apilife VAR)
• Organic acids formic, oxalic, lactic. • Occur naturally in honey (trace quantities) • Formic acid – labour intensive, hazardous to use (burns skin + eyes, fatal if
swallowed, fumes can ignite), affects drone eggs – and we don’t know how it actually works!
• Oxalic acid – kills 98% mites. But corrosive…• Lactic acid caused up to 60% of bee eggs to be removed… advice is to ‘only
apply to brood-less colonies.’
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Supermites – a silent spring
• “Varroa is likely to build up resistance to all pesticides (chemical and organic) given enough time and misuse of products.”
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‘Biotechnical’ control• 1. Brood removal (esp. drone brood ‘trapping’ in a brood-less colony)
– ‘5 week Hive-splitting varroa control’ (Vietnam method)– Isolating queen on one comb for drone trapping
• 2. Mesh bottom boards– 20% natural mite fall from bee-grooming– Sticky boards / open bottoms prevent mites from climbing back up into hive– Not a stand-alone control but good for monitoring
• 3. Heat treatment?– Why? Adult female mites more sensitive to temps above normal brood temp
than brood themselves. How? Isolate brood, 44C for 4 hours kills 100% mites and 5% brood (+ potential deformities later).
• 4. Pollen traps? Nah. • 5. Smaller-cell foundation? Nah.
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• ‘Varroa tolerance’ = ability to co-exist
• Remember A. cerana?– Removes mites from infested
cells and re-caps– Has a short yearly drone
production period, and capped stage for worker brood too short for mites to reproduce in them
– ‘Entombs’ mites in drone cells– Grooms– Significant absconding +
swarming, leaving infested brood behind
Apis cerana, the Asian honeybee: co-evolved with varroa
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• Which traits are worth selecting for?– Hygenic behaviour (not really significant)– Duration of capped stage (difficult, time-
consuming)– Suppression of mite reproduction (very
worthwhile exploring!)– Brood ‘unattractiveness’ to mites (needs more
research)– Grooming (not significant)
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• Brood-unattractive Russians
• ‘Live and let die’• Selecting queens and
breeder drones with a shorter capped period
• Selecting for low-infestation (combination of mite-resistant traits)
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Brood diseases (AFB, chalk) • ‘Chalkbrood’ often caused by
fungicides in pollen – prevents natural fungi from preserving bee food, which rots.
• ‘American Foulbrood’ = VERY NASTY. Bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae in two forms: spore + vegetative. AFB spores fed to bee larva by nurse bees – spores germinate in gut. Vegetative form is rods that penetrate larval gut wall, multiply, consume tissue – larva dies in pre-pupal stage. It’s kind of like Alien. THEN vegetative rods turn back into new spores (1 diseased larva contains 2.5 billion spores) – house bees spread spores by trying to clean out diseased larva – VICIOUS CYCLE.
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Wax moth
• Better thought of as symbiotic organisms in the hive
• Cannot digest new comb, only old fouled comb
• Best to freeze honey after harvesting to kill WM larva, lest they hatch and eat it all.
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Wasps
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Laws affecting beekeepers in NZ• Councils often have by-laws affecting beekeeping –
check them out• You must register your apiary because hives must be
annually inspected for AFB by an ‘approved beekeeper.’ Do an Annual Disease Return. Destroy any AFB hive.
• www.biosecurity.govt.nz – what you can and cannot import bee-wise
• Toxic honey management (tutin from tutu plant, produced as honeydew by passion vine hopper – no taste or smell, can be deadly)
• Pesticide management
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Fundamentals
• Permaculture design: Ethics underlie everything.
• Trust the bees – it’s ok to not understand and control everything.
• Hobbyist / small-scale bioregional beekeeping is vital
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What is going to save bees?
• Perennial polycultures – abundant forage• Locally adapted genetic diversity• Enough hives to sustain losses
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Objectives: Do we?
• Understand pros and cons of top-bar?• Feel more comfortable around bees and
beekeepers?• See beekeeping through a permaculture lens?• Trust the process????
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Where to from here?