Download - Orkustofnun The National Energy Authority
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Orkustofnun
The National Energy Authority
EQM The Nordic and the Global Perspective
Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management Reykjavik – Harpa 27-28 August 2014
Prof. dr. Gudni A JóhannessonDirector General
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Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management
Reykjavik – Harpa 28-29 August 2014
The conference is held by Orkustofnun, The National Energy Authority in Iceland,
with support from The Nordic Council of
Ministers
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A body directly under the Ministry of Industries and Innovation
Advising the government and the public on energy issues
Public administration of energy and mineral resources utilisation
Licencing research, exploration and operation of hydro-, and geothermal power
Regulator for the electrical grid
Licencing exploration and extraction of oil and gas
Licencing exploration and mining of mineral resources
Host organisation for the UNU geothermal training program in Iceland
Orkustofnun - The Icelandic National Energy Authority
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1
Originally by Cullen & Allwood 2010
Global Primary Energy Use 2006
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Global EQM Potential
Total Primary energy use
475 TWhHeating 233 TWH
Saving potential by Energy Quality Management
150 TWh?
Total coal burning127 TWh
2006 values
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Use
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Quality of energy• Quality of energy is the proportion of the
stored energy that can be used to generate work.
T0
Tr Qr
Work
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Definition of Exergy and Energy Quality
Heat reservoir
Mechanical work - ExergyHeat flow
Anergy
Environment
Quality of energy at T1
(Max exergy output)/energy
Exergy destroying processes
Electricity or fuels converted directly to heat
Mixing of water at different temperatures
Friction losses in fluid flow
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Energy consists of
• Exergy kWh• The part of the
available energy that can theoretically be converted to mechanical energy
• Anergy kWh• The difference
between the energy and the exergy
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Thermodynamical laws• 1. law• Energy can be
converted from one form to another but energy can neither be produced nor consumed
• Energy can not be consumed
• 2. law• For all energy
conversion processes in a closed system the Exergy of the new state will always be lower than in the beginning state.
• Exergy is consumed
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Reference temperature T0
• We define T0 as a representative temperature of the lowest heat source for the system e.g. 273.15 K (degrees Kelvin) or -0 oC
T0
Tr QrHeat reservoir
Reference temperature
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Exergy X for a heat source depending on temperature
T0
Tr Qr m cHitastig varmageymis HlutfalloC K hágildisorku
500 773,15 0,43400 673,15 0,38300 573,15 0,33250 523,15 0,29200 473,15 0,25150 423,15 0,20100 373,15 0,15
80 353,15 0,1260 333,15 0,1040 313,15 0,0720 293,15 0,03
0 273,15
Viðmiðunarhitastig 273,15
W
Temperature Proportion exergy
Ref temperature
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400kW Geothermal Power Plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska
A fluid, R-134a, with lower boiling point than water passes through a heat exchanger with 165°F/74oC water from our geothermal wells. Heat from the geothermal water causes the R-134a to flash to vapor which then drives the turbine.
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Chena Ice Hotel
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The Deep Drilling Project
>500 OC250 OC
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Exergy in >> mgDh
Must be a solution
Friction Mechanical work
transformed into heatExergy is destroyed
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Exergy in reduced by 80 %
The pyramid will be finished in 86
years
Rolling sticksLess friction
Less mechanical work transformed into heat
Exergy is saved
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Elecricity
Non visible radiation and
heatLight exergy
14 lumen/W 75 lumen/W
Light exergy
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Indoor climate criteria
Shukuyas Exergy Minimum
Predicted mean vote by Fanger
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Heat pump – highest theoretical COP
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
Nothitastig 35 CNothitastig 55 C
0TT
T
r
r
Source temperature OC
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Heat pumps – measured COP
Fig. 1: Values of COP for brine/water heat pumps (as used typically in geothermal heat pump systems), measured in the Heat Pump Test Centre
Toess (extract from http://www.wpz.ch/)
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Energy Quality ManagementCommunity Level
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Nordic EQM Related DevelopmentCo - generation
District heating
District cooling
Heat pumps
Geo exchange
Waste heat management
Low temperature heating – floor heating
Low temperature cooling – cooling beams
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Energy market
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Investment cost for solar 95000MUSD/28 Gigawatts ca 3,4 MUSD/MW Utilisation time < 2000 h Variable productionInvestment cost for Icelandic geothermal ca 3 MUSD/MW – Utilisation time > 8000 h - base load production
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The price for Exergy• Reykjavik Energy – marginal cost
– Electricity • Energy price 8,81 kr/kWh• Exergy prioce 8,81 kr/kWh
– Hot water• Energy price 65,23 kr/m3 DT=(80-40) K 46,4
kWst
1,41 kr/kWh• Exergy price (353,15/273,15) = 11,4 KWh
5,72 kr/kWh
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Geothermal heat
Electricity
GDP
Oil and coal
ICELAND 1945 - 2010
http://www2.stjr.is/frr/thst/rit/sogulegt/english.htm
http:
//w
ww
.os.
is/ Per capita
Normalized to 100 in 2005
Year
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Thank you