Download - Orissa Human Devlopment Report 2004
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ORISSA ORISSA
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004
P & C Department
Government of Orissa
29 JULY, 2005
UN Conference Hall, New Delhi
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• First Orissa Human Development Report (HDR)
• An independent assessment of human development conditions
• A joint effort of Planning Commission, UNDP, Govt of Orissa, NCDS
• A benchmark against which future attainments shall be judged
• The State Planning & Co-ordination Department aims
• Improved monitoring of outcomes for key HD indicators
• Publication of periodical HDR at state and district levels
• Seeking continued support from Planning Commission and UNDP
ORISSA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT (2004)
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• Human Development Issues Addressed
• Growth, Poverty, Livelihood
• Food Insecurity & Nutritional Status
• Health
• Education
• Gender Issues
• Natural Disasters
• Strategies for Financing HD
• Human Development Measures
• Human Development Index
• Gender related Development Index
• Reproductive Health Index
ORISSA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
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ECONOMY & GROWTH: CORE STRENGTHS
• Rich Natural Resource Endowment (Aquaculture, Forests, Marine, Metals, Minerals and Water)
• Rich Cultural Heritage – Tribal Heritage
• Excellent base for Textiles, Handloom and Handicrafts
• Excellent Tourism Opportunities - Eco-tourism, Religious
• Rich Potential for Industrialization – Steel, Aluminum
• Presence of Knowledge Industry – Good IT Skill base
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ECONOMY & GROWTH : CHALLENGES WE FACE
• Undiversified, Slow Growing Economy (3- 4%)
• Undeveloped and Stagnant Agriculture (<1%)
- Primitive agricultural practices
- Low agricultural productivity
• Slow Growth in Manufacturing and Service Sectors
- Inadequate private investment and technical change
• Poor Infrastructure
- Lack of good roads, rails, ports, and airports
- Undeveloped markets
• Small Economic Base
• Lack of employment opportunities
• Low employable skills
• Frequent natural disaster
•
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POVERTY
• Poverty declining at a very slow rate
• Overwhelmingly rural and regional phenomenon (93% of the poor live in rural areas)
• About half of the rural poor are 40% or more below poverty line
• Poverty in Orissa: Some Characteristics
• 4 out 5 poor persons are farmers or agricultural labourers
• Core Poverty groups
• ST (75%), SC (59%)
• Small & marginal farmers (60%), casual wage labourers (75%)
• Social Indicators for the Core Poverty Group are significantly worse
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POVERTY
• Interior is poorly connected and has a very high incidence of poverty
• Many of the poor depend on forests for their livelihoods
• The poor are highly vulnerable to natural shocks, and have limited access to public services
• They have limited or no voice in decision making
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LIVELIHOOD CONCERNS & RECOMMENDATIONSConcerns
• Recurrent droughts and floods (natural disasters)
• Poor Natural Resource Management
• Lack of marketing linkage for rural non-farm sectors based on very low levels of household, income and consumption
Recommendations
• Labour intensive growth strategy (small scale and cottage industries) (focus on KBK districts)
• Watershed management
• Shift from paddy cultivation to horticulture/fisheries
• Joint Forest Management
• Strengthening of rural credit
• Provision of legal rights for share croppers
• Promotion of non-farm sector employment
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FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONAL ISSUES
• Orissa is a food insecure state
• 57% population suffer from Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED)
• 48% women suffer from nutritional deficiency
• 72.3% of children have some degree of anaemia
• The State has taken several bold measures
• A good network of PDS outlets
92% HH access PDS within 2 km of their habitations
• TPDS, Annapurna and Antodaya Schemes
48.58 lakh HH benefit from these initiatives
• Involvement of PRI to manage PDS outlets in tribal areas
Sarpanches, BDOs, Sub-Collectors and Collectors authorized to extend food support to the most needy
• Targeted nutritional interventions
• NCAER appreciates the functioning of ICDS
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FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONAL ISSUES
• Recommendations
• Community based Management of PDS and grain banks
• Rural employment generation along with food transfer component
• Universalise PDS instead of TDPS
• Design and implement supplementary and emergency feeding programmes for very vulnerable
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HEALTH CONDITIONS
• Highest Infant Mortality Rate (91 in 2001 & 87 in 2002)
• Lack of access to safe drinking water; adequate nutrition
• High percentage of low birth weight babies
• Early Marriage of Girls; poor female literacy
• ARI, Diarrhoea, Measles, Malaria
• Excess Morbidity Burden
• Increased cases of Malaria, TB, Gastroenteritis, ARI, Diarrhoea
• Preponderance of infectious and communicable diseases
• Access to Health Care Facilities
• Poor physical and economic access affect the utilization of public health care facilities
• Significant inter-district and gender disparities
• Perceptible improvement in coverage of health institutions
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HEALTH CONDITIONS
• Recommendations
• Improved physical access to health care institutions
• Institutional/safe deliveries
• Promoting mother’s education
• Strengthened child immunisation programmes
• Strengthened vector control programmes
• Involving PRIs, NGOs and SHGs in managing healthcare institutions (remote/tribal districts)
• More targetted HIV/AIDS programmes
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EDUCATION
• Done comparatively well in education
• Literacy levels increased from 7% (1936) to 63.61% (2001)
• Resource allocation: 6% of GSDP
• Increased Enrolment
• Significant improvement in gender parity index over the years
• Increased gross enrolment ratio among SC(115.1%) and ST (99.7%) in primary education
• Regional, Social and Gender disparities
• Female literacy only 50.97% (vs 75.95% male literacy)
• Wide inter-district variations – rural areas suffer more
• Low literacy among ST – very low female tribal literacy
• Drop out rates still continue to be high – 37% at primary level
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GENDER
Concerns
• Sex ratio higher than the national average (972 against 933 national average)
• 0-6 years sex ratio lower than the national average (developed pockets of coastal and central tableland districts)
• Low BMI, Nutritional deficiency (esp. among SC and ST communities)
• Economic reform process –downsizing of public sector – may impact on women – removal of social security benefits, flexi-time and child care
Recommendations
• Land reforms – providing joint ownership to both husband and wife
• Public support for out-of-home child care services
• Simplifying banking procedures – increasing their accessibility to women
• Targetted programs for women losing jobs due to downsizing of public sector
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NATURAL DISASTERS
Concerns
• Recurrent natural disasters -droughts (Western and Southern Orissa),
• & cyclones and floods (coastal areas)
• Loss of lives, livelihoods and property
• Serious fiscal imbalances
Recommendations
• Local communities should form the core of disaster preparedness and mitigation programmes
• Explore the feasibility of disaster insurance
• Building of safer houses crucial
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
• HDI is a composite measure
• Health Index, Education Index and Income Index
• Orissa HDI – 0.404 (11th among 15 major States)
• Kerala (0.638) and Bihar (0.367)
• Wide Inter-district Variations
• 16 districts have lower HDI than State average
• Top Five Districts
Khurda, Jharsuguda, Cuttack, Sundergarh, Deogarh
• Bottom Five Districts
Malklanagiri, Kandhamal, Gajapati, Koraput, Nabarangpur
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HDI – INTER-DISTRICT VARIATION
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GAINS ACHIEVED DURING 1993-1999
O r i s s a 1 9 9 9 - 0 0 1 9 9 3 - 9 4P o v e r t y h e a d c o u n t ( % ) 4 7 . 2 4 8 . 6I n f a n t m o r t a l i t y r a t e ( p e r ' 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s ) 8 1 1 1 2 . 1P r e v a l e n c e o f u n d e r w e i g h t c h i l d r e n ( % ) 5 4 . 4 5 3 . 3A c c e s s t o w a t e r ( % ) 6 5 . 3 5 0 . 9L i t e r a c y r a t e ( % ) 6 3 . 6 4 9 . 1H o u s e h o l d s w i t h n o t o i l e t f a c i l i t y ( % ) 8 6 . 5 8 7 . 8
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ORISSA’S GAINS COMPARED TO ALL-INDIA
C h a n g e b e t w e e n 1 9 9 3 - 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 9 - 0 0 O r i s s a I n d i aP o v e r t y h e a d c o u n t ( % ) - 1 . 4 - 9 . 9I n f a n t m o r t a l i t y r a t e ( p e r ' 0 0 0 l i v e b i r t h s ) - 3 1 . 1 - 1 0 . 9P r e v a l e n c e o f u n d e r w e i g h t c h i l d r e n ( % ) 1 . 1 - 6 . 4A c c e s s t o w a t e r ( % ) 1 4 . 4 9 . 7L i t e r a c y r a t e ( % ) 1 4 . 5 1 3 . 2H o u s e h o l d s w i t h n o t o i l e t f a c i l i t y ( % ) - 1 . 3 - 5 . 7
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• GDI is a composite measure- Health Index, Education Index and Income Index - Captures the gender dimensions of human development
• Orissa GDI – 0.546
• Wide Inter-district Variations
• 20 districts have GDI values less than State average • Best Five Districts
Jharsuguda, Sundergarh, Deogarh, Angul, Khurda, • Bottom Five Districts
Malkanagiri, Kandhamal, Jajpur, Gajapati, Koraput,
GENDER DEVELOPMENT INDEX (GDI)
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GDI – INTER-DISTRICT VARIATION
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• RHI captures impact of six indicators
• Risks of early pregnancies; pregnancy complications
• Lack of trained Dhais; 3rd or higher order babies
• Reproductive tract infections, contraceptive side effects
• Orissa RHI – 0.549
• Wide Inter-district Variations
• 13 districts have RHI values less than State average
• Best Five Districts
Jharsuguda, Jagatsinghpur, Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Cuttack
• Bottom Five Districts
Kandhamal, Bhadrak, Balangir, Nabarangpur, Nuapada
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDEX (RHI)
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RHI – INTER-DISTRICT VARIATION
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES
• Specific and target-oriented expenditure programmes
• Human Expenditure Ratio to increase from 4.43% to 5%
• Restructure expenditure in favour of social sectors: elementary education, primary and secondary health services, nutrition, rural water supply and sanitation
• Improve access of ST, SC and Women to quality education, public health and better nutrition
• Reduce regional and gender disparities
• Need for broad-based labour intensive economic growth
• Mobilisation of higher resources
• Diversify livelihood options of the poor and ST
• Focus on higher agricultural growth, institutional credit and non-farm employment and income opportunities
• Sustainable Management of forests and other NR
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A DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE FOR ORISSA- POVERTY TASK FORCE
Key Development Goals
• Well-diversified, Fast Growing Economy
• Reduce Poverty Ratio from 47.20% to 15%
• Reduce Infant Mortality Rate from 87 to less than 41
• Universal Literacy, High Quality Employable Skills
• Orissa - Net Exporter to rest of India & the World• Free from Regional, Caste and Gender Disparities• A Leading State in Human Development
• A Transparent and Responsive Government
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OLD DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM
• Low private investment and narrow base of economic growth
• Government expansion seen as main source of employment growth
• Public resources pre-empted by interest payments, pension and salaries of government employees
• Stagnation and decline in public investment in both quantity and quality
• Growth in inefficient subsidies such as grants to colleges and high schools with poor or zero output
• Exploitation of minerals and forest wealth degradation of environment & displacement of tribals
• Top down public administration with information hidden from the public eye
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NEW PARADIGM
• On a path of fiscal improvement since 2001
• Revenue Deficit reduced from 40% to less than 15% of Revenue Receipts
• Salary bill reduced from 150% to 80% of own revenues
• Orissa is the NUMBER ONE state in terms of revenue collection from the newly introduced VAT
• Orissa is NUMBER ONE in terms of private investment projects under implementation (source: CMIE)
• Government of Orissa is committed:
• To enhance transparency and accountability of public administration
• To reduce corruption, and
• To improve the quality of public spending and delivery of services
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REFORM AGENDA OF THE GOVT OF ORISSA
• Economic Growth Enhancing Reform simplify rules & regulation for clearing private investment proposals with adequate safeguards, identify potential growth engines and remove binding constraints in key sub-sectors
• Power sector reform electric connectivity e-connectivity technology and market information from urban to rural areas
• Fiscal and admin reform quantity and quality of public investment improve operation of economic infrastructure and basic social services
• Health & Education reforms Reallocate public expenditure towards priority outcomes + Reorganize departments + Improve service delivery
• Empowerment of poor and tribal people Establish farmer groups and women’s self-help groups to enable the poor to benefit from growing market opportunities
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BUILDING BLOCKS FOR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Improved connectivity -- road, electric power, electronic connectivity, modern ports
• Easy market access so that farmers receive competitive prices for crops
• Easy entry for private investment with effective social & environmental safeguards
• Literate and skilled human resources
• Effective food security through enhanced productivity of agriculture and strengthened PDS with local oversight
• Effective targeting of wage employment and self-employment programs aligned with seasonality of demand
• District level planning convergence of services
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INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT …
• Empowered rural communities with active self-help groups voice to the voiceless
• Devolution to local bodies power to the powerless
• Consultative process of decision making
• Transparency of programs and accountability of service providers
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RE-THINKING GROWTH
• Build on Orissa’s natural advantages
• Diversify agriculture and non-farm activities
• Identify potential growth engines – horticulture, mineral-based manufacturing, tourism and traditional hand skills, fisheries, forests, and IT
• Base policies and decisions on objective analysis, not on anecdotal impression
• Improve overall climate for private investment – Single Window, R&R Policy, Credit arrangements, Land & Water, etc.
• Win public support for private investment – negotiate for social investment from private entrepreneurs, advertise ‘win-win’ cases, allocate share of mining revenue to social development in mineral rich districts
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ENHANCE RETURNS TO FARMERS
• Increase density of agricultural markets improve price realization by farmers in Orissa through access to markets and to price information
• Amend Agricultural Marketing Act to permit private investment alongside public investment in marketing yards and storage facilities
• Establish framework for contract farming encourage agro-processing and value addition
• Encourage sustainable and comprehensive water management through Pani Panchayats Water harvesting and re-cycling Measures to combat droughts and control floods
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FISHERIES & FORESTS
• Both salt water and inland fisheries have potential
• Need to avoid adverse effects on natural environment
• Need for a policy framework and transparent guidelines
• Sustainable harnessing of, and value addition to, biomass resources bamboo, medicinal plants and other species
• Maintain ecological stability and sustainability of land-based production systems higher growth possible from forests and fisheries resources
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RE-THINKING APPROACH TO TAP THE STATE’S MINERAL WEALTH
• How to give back what is taken from the tribal districts?
• Sensitive R&R Policy
• Public investment in technical training to enhance employment prospects in the interior districts
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TOURISM HAS A GREAT POTENTIAL
• Enormous tourism resources
• Natural (tigers, elephants, Chilika, Simlipal)
• Cultural (sculpture, dance, handicrafts)
• Religious (Hindu, Buddhist, Jain)
• Need for high quality infrastructure
• Airports, roads, hotels
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FUTURE PROSPECTS
• Large-scale private investments expected to boost job creation and urbanization over the next 15 years
• Revenue Deficit will be eliminated by 2008-09 and the Government of Orissa will become creditworthy, borrowing only for investments
• Mineral based industry + Tourism, Handlooms, Handicrafts, Fisheries, Horticulture and forests Accelerated growth in wage employment and self-employment
• Rapid economic Growth + Decline in Inequality Rapid decline in Poverty and more employment opportunities
• Improved health and education Food, health and social security Education as a means of empowerment, value addition and knowledge creation Improved quality of life
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CONVERGENCE OF EFFORTS, IDEAS & INVESTMENT
• Transforming Orissa requires:
• Convergence of efforts, ideas and investment • Concerted action by all stakeholders
• State Govt., Central Govt., External Donors, Private Sector, Non Resident Oriyas, NGOs and the poor people themselves
THANK YOU