Organic Molecules
I. Organic Molecules in living things
A. Introduction1. Living things are made of organic
molecules 2. Organic – has Carbon as the base, and
often has Hydrogen and Oxygen3. Molecule – more than one atom joined
together with a chemical bond
B. Simple molecules – water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2)
C. Complex organic molecules1. Carbohydrates – C, H, O in rings2. Lipids [fats] – C, H, O in long chains3. Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen4. Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorus
D. Functions and Examples
Organic Molecule
Function Examples
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
energy (animals-plants) structure (plants)
sugar, starch, glycogencellulose
energy, insulation, waterproofcell membrane
fats, oils, waxesphospholipids
build, maintain, and repair the body, alternate energy
organs, bone, blood, muscle + antibodies,hormones, enzymes
code to build proteins in thebody
DNA (double strand) RNA (single strand)
E. Energy
1. Body uses carbs 1st, fats 2nd, proteins last2. How much energy
(fats = 9 cal/g, carbs/proteins = 4 cal/g)
3. starches/sugars
PARTNER SHARE
muscles/liver for 1-24 hrs
carbs from food
directly to cells
fat
glycogen
Your digestive system converts the carbohydrates in food into glucose, a form of sugar carried in the blood and transported to cells for energy. Any glucose not used by the cells is converted into glycogen - another form of carbohydrate that is stored in the muscles and liver. However, the body's glycogen capacity is limited to about 350 grams; once this maximum has been reached, any excess glucose is quickly converted into fat.
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
a.k.a. “many sugars”
Lipids
Saturated Fat
Examples: dairy foods, animal fats “unhealthy fats”
Unsaturated Fats
Examples: avocados, vegetable oils, nuts. “healthier fats”
PROTEINS
Function of Proteins
Structure – muscle, bone, skin, blood, organs
Processing Questions
What organic molecules are found in this meal? Where?
Processing Questions
What does each type of organic molecule do for the body?
F. Metabolism – all chemical reactions that take place in an organism; all involve H20
1. Digesting, breaking down food(like carbs, fats, proteins)
Hydrolysis reaction – water is added and used up to break down the molecules
2. Building organic molecules(like proteins, glycogen, fats)
Dehydration (condensation) reaction – water is removed/pulled out when molecules are built
Demonstration
F. __________ – all chemical reactions that take place in an organism; all involve H20
1. Digesting, breaking down food(like carbs, fats, proteins)
_________________ reaction – water is _______ and used up to break down the molecules
2. Building organic molecules(like proteins, glycogen, fats)
______________ (condensation) reaction – water is __________ /pulled out when molecules are built
II. Proteins in humans
A. Basics1. made of 20 diff. amino acids
(different combos – RAT, TAR, ART)
2. > 100,000 different proteins in humans
3. 12 amino acids formed by the body, and 8 in foods.
B. What do proteins do?
1. structure/cells – muscles, bone, organs, skin (collagen), blood (hemoglobin)
2. regulate /control body (floating freely)a. enzymes - reactions for digestion,
metabolism; substrate is the particle that fits with a certain enzyme
b. hormones - control growth, reproduction (testosterone, hgh, adrenaline, estrogen)
C. Proteins being denatured (broken down, damaged, ruined)
1. radiation treatment for cancer 2. temperature bacteria-food3. chemicals pH , bleach to kill bacteria,
fungi
D. Lack of protein in diet
no raw material to build, maintain, repair body examples = fetus, anorexia, starvation