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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
P. David PollyDepartment of Geological SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, Indiana 47405 [email protected]
The Cincinnatian (painting by John Agnew from A Sea Without Fish: Life in the Ordovician Sea of the Cincinnati Region, D.L.
Meyer and R.A. Davis, Indiana University Press.
The Cincinnatian and the Richmondian InvasionOrdovician
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Objectives
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
1. The Ordovician system in Indiana
2. Cambrian and Ordovician life
3. Taconic Orogeny and the formation of the Cincinnati Arch
4. Paleogeography of the Cincinnatian in Indiana
5. Facies
6. Cincinnati School of paleontology
7. Ordovician life
8. The Richmondian invasion and the end-Ordovician extinction
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Bedrock Geology of Indiana. 2002. H. H. Gray (data compiler). Indiana Geological Survey.
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Mississippian
Pennsylvanian
Youngest (300 mya)
Oldest (470 mya)
Bedrock and Physiography
Map of Indiana showing physiographic divisions. 2001, by Henry Gray. Indiana Geological Survey.
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Ordovician Rock Units
Three main formations:
Kope FmDillsboro FmWhitewater Fm
Global stage: KatianNA series: CincinnatianSequence: TippecanoeAge range: 445.6 - 455.8 mya
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Hallucigenia
Anomalocaris
Wiwaxia
Wolcott Quarry, British Columbia
Cambrian: Burgess Shale, British ColumbiaA classic soft-preservation Middle Cambrian site505 million years
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Evolution of Trophic Levels and ‘Evolutionary Arms Race’
Pre-vendian: primary producers (stromatolites)
Vendian / Ediacaran: primary producers, soft bodied animals, few scavengers, few grazers, few predators.
Earliest Cambrian: primary producers, soft and shelly bodied animals, some grazers, some scavengers, few predators.
Middle Cambrian: many shelly bodied animals, many grazers, scavengers, predators, all bottom dwelling, move into intertidal waters.
Ordovician: first floating, swimming, and burrowing animals. Three-fold increase in number of species. Most dramatic increase in diversity recorded during geologic history.
Shells, spines, and other skeletal parts, as well as swimming and burrowing, evolved in the context of increasing predation
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Madison, Indiana(photos by PD Polly)Bedrock Geology of Indiana. 2002.
H. H. Gray (data compiler). Indiana Geological Survey.
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Regional structure
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
A typical orogenic episodeOc
eani
c Si
deContinental side
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Japan
China
Korea
Trench
Foreland
Basin
Pacific Plate
Eurasian Plate
Modern OrogenyMountains and Island Arcs
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
The Taconic Orogeny(Cambrian through Ordovician)Subduction zones shown in black
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
The Taconic Orogeny
Late Ordovician
Late Cambrian
Early Cambrian
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
Taconic orogeny shifted blocks of Precambrian basement to form Cincinnati Arch(Early Cambrian through Ordovician)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
From Potter, 2007, Exploring the Geology of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Region. Kentucky Geological Survey, Special Publication 8.
Cross section through the Cincinnati Arch
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Meyer and Davis, 2009. A Sea Without Fish. IU Press, Bloomington.
Cincinnatian (Late Ordovician)paleogeography
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Meyer and Davis, 2009. A Sea Without Fish. Indiana U. Press, Bloomington.
Marine environments or facies of the CincinnatianA facies is a body of rock that has specific characteristics (sedimentary or faunal) because it was formed under specific sedimentary conditions.
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Photo 2008 by P. David Polly
US 421 road cut at Madison, IndianaContact between Dillsboro and Whitewater formations
Whitewater Fm.
Dillsboro Fm.
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Photos 2008, P. David Polly
Tabulate coral heads at the base of the Saluda Limestone (Whitewater Fm.)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Stigall, 2010. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of species invasions during the Richmondian invasion.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 13.1.5A.
Fossiliferous localities in the Cincinnati Arch
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
The Cincinnati SchoolEarly paleontologists of the Ordovician (1840 – 1910)
Samuel A. MillerAttorney and scientist1837-1897
August Foerste (left), Dayton school teacher 1862-1936, and Ray Bassler (right), Smithsonian scientist 1878-1961, with Amadeus Grabau (center) New York paleontologist and stratigraphic geologist.
Charles SchuchertAmateur collector, later
Smithsonian scientist and Professor at Yale University
1858-1942
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Charles LyellVisits Cincinnati and the Ordovician* rocks there in 1842 (*thought of as Silurian in age at the time)
After seeing at Cincinnati several fine collections of recent and fossil shells in the cabinets of Messrs. Buchanan, Anthony, and Clark, I examined with care the quarries of blue limestone and marl in the suburbs. The organic remains here are remarkably well preserved for so ancient a rock, especially those occurring in a compact argillaceous blue limestone, not unlike the lias of Europe. …On both sides of the Atlantic, these ancient marine formations are characterized by a prodigious development of one peculiar family of mollusca, called brachiopoda…. --shells , which as they inhabit deep water, are little known, and have received no common name in our language.
-Lyell, 1845Travels in North America
Lyell later visited David Dale Owen in New Harmony in 1849.
Sir Charles LyellBritish geologist, author of
Principles of Geology1797-1875
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
The Cincinnatian (painting by John Agnew from A Sea Without Fish: Life in the Ordovician Sea of the Cincinnati Region, D.L. Meyer and R.A. Davis, Indiana University Press.
Life in the Cincinnatian Seas
Horn coral(Cnidaria)
Jellyfish(Cnidaria)
Nautiloid(Mollusca)
Sea star(Echinodermata)
Crinoid(Echinodermata)
Bryozoan colony(Bryozoa)
Trilobite(Arthropoda)
Brachiopods(Brachiopoda)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Sepkoski, J. J., 1992. Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phaneroic history of marine biodiversity. Pp. 77-97 in N. Eldredge (ed.), Systematics, Ecology, and the Biodiversity Crisis. Columbia University Press, New York.
Sepkoski’s three Evolutionary Faunas and five mass extinctions
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Stigall, 2010. Using GIS to assess the biogeographic impact of species invasions during the Richmondian invasion.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 13.1.5A.
The Richmondian InvasionChange in fossils in Late Ordovician related to rise in sea level
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Global Sea Level through the PhanerozoicFrom Hallam and Vail
• Low sea level in Cambrian• Rising through the Ordovician• Falling starting at Late Ordovician
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Taco
nic M
ount
ains
Transco
ntinental A
rch
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Middle Ordovician (470 mya)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Taco
nic M
ount
ains
(c) Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/nam.html)
Late Ordovician (450 mya)
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Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana
Geol G-308
Cincinnatian is a North American chronostratigraphic unit of Late Ordovician.
Taconic Orogeny created first mountain range along what is now the east coast during Cambrian and into Ordovician.
Cincinnati arch and associated basins formed during Taconic Orogeny.
Facies are different, contemporaneous sedimentary and life environments, often related to water energy level and water depth.
Different organisms live in different facies and the study of organisms across space and through time is both complicated and scientifically rewarding.
Changes in sea level changed water depth, facies, and geographic barriers, allowing the Richmondian Invasion of the Cincinnatian region.
Richmondian Invasion increased diversity by adding new species to paleocommunity.
End Ordovician extinction later decreased diversity.
Summary