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Professor R. John Hansman Director, MIT International Center for Air Transportation
Opportunities and Challenges for Urban Air Mobility
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MITICAT
• On Demand Air Mobility motivated by growing surface congestion, success of TNCs and perceived technology transfer from electric vehicles, UAVs and automation
Urban Air Mobility
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MITICAT
• UAM Markets – Intra-Urban – Inter-Urban
Urban Air Mobility
Intra-Urban
Inter-Urban
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MITICAT UAM Vehicles
vs.
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MITICAT UAM Vehicles
vs.
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MITICAT
Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility)
UAM Aircraft Development
1.TheVerticalFlightSociety,TheElectricVTOLNewsWorldeVTOLDirectory.October2019
AirbusA^3Vahana OpenerBlackfly
PipistrelRolls-Royce
Karem Bell
EmbraerJauntAirMobility
OtherAdvancedDevelopmentsVerticalAerospaceSeraph
BetaTechnologiesAvaXC
AstroAerospaceElroyeHang216
Volocopter2x
KittyHawkHeaviside
JobyAviationS4
KittyHawkCora
WorkhorseSurefly AirbusCityAirbus
BoeingPAV LiliumLiliumJetLIFT
HEXA
ExampleFlyingFull-ScalePrototypes
ManyAdditionalVehicleConcepts
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MITICAT
Case Study Approach to Identify UAM Operational Constraints (LAX, BOS, DFW)
2.DefinedReferenceMissions
3.AppliedNotionalConOps*toEachMission1.IdentifiedPromisingMarkets
• Currenthelicoptercharterservices
• UScensusandcommutingdata
• Housingmarketdata
4.IdentifiedOperationalChallengesinMissionswww.trulia.com
USCensusBureauOnTheMap
Nelson&Rae
O – Malibu origin X – Century City destination
Figure 1. Malibu to Century City flight profile development.
O – Malibu origin X – Century City destination n water route n direct route n increased speed route
©2016GoogleDataLDEO-Columbia,NSF,NOAASIO,NOAA,U.S.Navy,NGA,GEBCOImageLandsat/Copernicus
*ConOpsassessedconventionaltechnologiesaswellaselectricpropulsionandpilotautomation
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MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
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MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
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MITICAT
Challenge to Site Infrastructure Near Demand Existing aviation infrastructure in Boston
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
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MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
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MITICAT
Current ATC Procedures Will Not Scale Controller Workload Constraint
São Paulo “helicontrol” Area – limited to 6 simultaneous helicopter
operations15
– designated entry points and routes
SãoPaulo
CommuterMissionsAirTaxiMissionsControlMissions
Boston Logan Controlled Airspace – additional controller staffed for >3
operations
– designated helicopter routes
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MITICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS
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MITICAT ATC Surface Controlled Airspace BOS
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MITICAT
Special Use Airspace Red Sox Game Example
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
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MITICAT
ATC Separation Standards For Terminal Area Operations
AircraftInvolved LateralSeparationReq. VerticalSeparationReq. Longitudinal
SeparationReq.
IFRtoIFRAllclasses
IFRtoVFRClass:B,C
IFRtoObstruction N/A
TowerorPilotVisualSeparationClass:B,C,D
“passwellclear”“seeandavoid”
“passwellclear”“seeandavoid” “seeandavoid”
3NM
1000ftupto8NM
RadarTargetResolution
500ft upto8NM
3NM
1000ft
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MITICAT BOS Runway 4R IFR Separation Zone
PrivateHeliportMedicalHeliportAirport
WBZ
HerbChambers
BostonGlobe
Logan
MassGeneral
Tufts
BostonMedicalCenter
Brigham&Womens/BethIsrael
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MITICAT
Controlled Airspace Cutout Example New York SFRA Example
NewYorkAirspaceCutout
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MITICAT
Impact of ATC Scenarios on Magnitude of Constraint San Francisco MSA
StaticVFRCutout&SUAAccess
FullySegregated
AccessiblePopulation:48%AccessibleCommuterResidences:57%AccessibleCommuterWorkplaces:24%
AccessiblePopulation:86%AccessibleCommuterResidences:90%AccessibleCommuterWorkplaces:86%
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MITICAT
ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major Metropolitan Statistical Areas
PhDThesisofParkerVascik
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MITICAT
ATC Restriction Analysis of US Major Metropolitan Statistical Areas
PhDThesisofParkerVascik
PopulationCoverage
WorkplaceCoverage
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MITICAT
UAM Operational Constraints Identified from City Case Studies
Constraints1 AircraftNoiseandCommunityAcceptance2 AvailabilityofTakeoffandLandingAreas(TOLAs)3 ScalabilityofAirTrafficControl(ATC)4 SafetyandCertificationofElectricAircraftOperations5 LogisticsofNetworkOperations6 PilotAvailabilityandAdvancedAutonomy7 All-WeatherOperation
SummaryofCaseStudyResults:• P.D.VascikandR.J.Hansman,“ConstraintIdentificationinOn-DemandMobilityforAviationthroughanExploratoryCaseStudyofLosAngeles,”in17th
AIAAAviationTechnology,Integration,andOperationsConference,2017.• P.D.Vascik,R.J.Hansman,andN.S.Dunn,“AnalysisofUrbanAirMobilityOperationalConstraints,”ManuscriptSubmittedforPublication,2018.
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MITICAT
Over 2001 announced vehicle concepts (of varying credibility)
UAM Aircraft Development
1.TheVerticalFlightSociety,TheElectricVTOLNewsWorldeVTOLDirectory.October2019
AirbusA^3Vahana OpenerBlackfly
PipistrelRolls-Royce
Karem Bell
EmbraerJauntAirMobility
OtherAdvancedDevelopmentsVerticalAerospaceSeraph
BetaTechnologiesAvaXC
AstroAerospaceElroyeHang216
Volocopter2x
KittyHawkHeaviside
JobyAviationS4
KittyHawkCora
WorkhorseSurefly AirbusCityAirbus
BoeingPAV LiliumLiliumJetLIFT
HEXA
ExampleFlyingFull-ScalePrototypes
ManyAdditionalVehicleConcepts
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MITICAT Broad Range of Vehicle Architectures
Rotorcraft
Rotor Lift Actuating Hybrid
Lift Static Hybrid
Lift Wing Lift
Few Propulsors (1-3)
Many Propulsors (4+)
Helicopter Tilt-lift
DEP Tilt-lift Multirotor Stopped Rotor DEP Fixed Wing
Fixed Wing Static Hybrid
√
Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Fixed Wing
MultirotorandDEPPoweredLiftmostwidelyproposedforUAMapplications
aurora.aero
pipistrel.si
jobyaviation.comvolocopter.com nasa.gov
cartercopters.comelytronaircraft.comgoogle.com
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MITICAT
Certification Challenges for Electric UAM Configurations
Hazard Description Multirotor DEP Powered Lift Rotorcraft Fixed Wing
Common Mode Power Failure
(Low-/High-Altitude) High/High High/Medium Medium/Medium
Medium/ Medium
Battery Thermal Runaway High High High High
Battery Energy Uncertainty High High Medium Medium
Fly-By-Wire System Failure High High* Low** Low
Bird Strike Medium Medium Medium Medium
High-Level Autonomy Failure High High High High
Risk Severity= Probability x Consequence High, Medium, Low
The severity of some challenges changes with configurations
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MITICAT Hybrid Electric SSTOL Alternative
Uber2019ElevateConf.
30% scale flight demonstrator of a 4 passenger, 2700 lb blown wing aircraft with <100 ft takeoff/landing distance
DistributedElectricPropulsionBlownWingforHighCL
HybridElectricBatteriesSizedforTO&LSurgeEngineSizedforCruise
UnblownStallSpeed<60kts
TakeoffLandingDistance<100ft
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MITICAT MIT Beaverworks Prototype
Vehicledesignedandbuiltby16.82classinSY2018-2019
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MITICAT Subscale SSTOL Protoype
Flightdemonstratorshowsthathighlift(CL>10)isachievableinreal-worldflightenvironmentbutthattherearecontrolchallengestobeaddressed.
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MITICAT UAM V1